Loss Causation Model

Models of
Causation:
Safety

OHS Body of Knowledge
Models of Causation: Safety

April, 2012

Copyright notice and licence terms

First published in 2012 by the Safety Institute of Australia Ltd, Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia.
Bibliography.
ISBN 978-0-9808743-1-0
This work is copyright and has been published by the Safety Institute of Australia Ltd (SIA) under the auspices of HaSPA (Health and Safety Professionals Alliance). Except as may be expressly provided by law and subject to the conditions prescribed in the Copyright Act 1968 (Commonwealth of Australia), or as expressly permitted below, no part of the work may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, digital scanning, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission of the SIA.
You are free to reproduce the material for reasonable personal, or in-house, non-commercial use for the purposes of workplace health and safety as long as you attribute the work using the citation guidelines below and do not charge fees directly or indirectly for use of the material. You must not change any part of the work or remove any part of this copyright notice, licence terms and disclaimer below.
A further licence will be required and may be granted by the SIA for use of the materials if you wish to:
• reproduce multiple copies of the work or any part of it
• charge others directly or indirectly for access to the materials
• include all or part of the materials in advertising of a product or services, or in a product for sale
• modify the materials in any form, or
• publish the materials.
Enquiries regarding the licence or further use of the works are welcome and should be addressed to:
Registrar, Australian OHS Education Accreditation Board
Safety Institute of Australia Ltd, PO Box 2078, Gladstone Park, Victoria, Australia, 3043 [e-mail] Citation of

References: Benner, L. (1975). Accident Investigations: Multilinear Events Sequencing Methods. Benner, L. (1984). Accident models: How underlying differences affect workplace safety. Bird, F. E. J., &Germain, G. L. (1985).Practical Loss Control Leadership. Loganville, Georgia: International Loss Control Institute, Inc. Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press. Cacciabue, P. C., Holnagel, E. (1995). Simulation of Cognition: Applications. In J.M. Hoc, P.D Page 21 of 24 April, 2012 DeBlois, L. A. (1915), The Application of Safety Devices, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE Dekker, S. (2011). Drift into Failure: From Hunting Broken Components to Understanding Complex Systems Gates and Partners (2011), Aviation and the Implications of Criminalisation, Gates and Partners Solicitors, http://alae.org/downloads/legal/accidents.pdf Gibson, J.J. (1961). The contribution of experimental psychology to the formulation of the problem of safety – a brief for basic research, in Jacobs, H.H Gordon, J. E. (1949). The epidemiology of accidents. American Journal of Public Health, 39, 504-515. Greenwood, M., Woods, H. M. (1919). A report on the incidence of industrial accidents upon individuals with special reference to multiple accidents Heinrich, H. W. (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention: A scientific approach. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hollnagel, E. (1993). Human reliability analysis: Context and control. London: Academic Press. Hollnagel, E. (1998). Cognitive reliability and error analysis method: CREAM: Elsevier. Hollnagel, E. (2004). Barriers and Accident Prevention: Aldershot:Ashgate,. Hollnagel, E. (2005). The ETTO Principle - Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade Off. Retrieved from http://www.ida.liu.se/~eriho/ETTO_M.htm Hollnagel, E. (2010). FRAM Background. Retrieved from http://sites.google.com/site/erikhollnagel2/coursematerials/FRAM_background.pdf Hovden, J., Abrechtsen, E., & Herrera, I. A. (2010). Is there a need for new theories, models and approaches to occupational accident prevention? Safety Science, 48(8), Klein J (2009),Two Centuries of Safety History at DuPont, Process Safety Progress, Vol. Kletz, T. (1993). Lessons from disasters: How organisations have no memory and accidents recur Leveson, N. (2004). A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42, 237-270. Luxhøj, J. T., Maurino, M. (2001). An aviation system risk model (ASRM) case study: Air Ontario 1363 Page 22 of 24 April, 2012 Michaelidis-Mateou S. and Mateou A. (2010), Flying in the Face of Criminalisation, Ashgate Newbold, E. M. (1926). A contribution to the study of the human factor in causation of accidents Osborne, E. E., Vernon, H. M., &Muscio, B. (1922). Two contributions to the study of accident causation Perrow, C. (1984). Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books Inc. Purswell, J. J., &Rumar, K. (1984). Occupational accident research: Where have we been and where are we going? Journal of Occupational Accidents, 6, 219-228. Qureshi, Z. H. (2007). A review of accident modelling approaches for complex sociotechnical systems. Paper presented at the 12th Australian Workshop on Safety Related Programmable Systems (SCS '07) Rasmussen, J. (1981). Models of mental strategies in process plant diagnosis. In J. Rasmussen, J. (1982). Human errors: A taxonomy for describing human malfunction in industrial installations Rasmussen, J. (1986). Information Processing and Human-Machine Interaction. Rasmussen, J. (1990). Human error and the problem of causality in analaysis of accidents. Rasmussen, J., Jensen, A. (1974). Mental procedures in real-life tasks: A case study of electronic troubleshooting Reason, J. T. (1975). How did I come to do that? New Behaviour, 24. Reason, J. T. (1976).Absent minds.New Society, 4(November). Reason, J. T. (1979). Actions not as planned: The price of automatization. In G. Reason, J. T. (1984a).Lapses of attention.In R. Parasuraman& R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of Attention Reason, J. T. (1984b).Absent-mindedness and cognitive control.In J. Harris & P. Morris (Eds.), Everyday Memory, Actions and Absent-Mindedness Reason, J. T. (1984c).Order of output in category generation. Paper presented at the Cognitive Section, British Psychological Society, Oxford.