1. Deducing meaning and use of unfamiliar lexical items through understanding word formation and contextual clues in utterances and spoken text
2. Recognizing and understanding phonological features of speech [especially those forms associated with supra-segmental features]
3. Understanding relationships within the sentence: the syntactic and morphological forms characteristic of spoken language
4. Understanding relationships between parts of text and utterances through cohesive devices [especially grammatical cohesive devices such as reference]
5. Understanding relationships between parts of text by recognizing discourse markers [especially for transition and conclusion of ideas, for anticipation of objections or contrary views and for turn-taking]
6. Understanding the communicative function and value of utterances with and without explicit markers [e.g. definition and exemplification]
7. Understanding conceptual meaning in spoken text and utterances [e.g. comparison, degree, cause & effect, result, and audience & purpose]
8. Understanding attitudinal meaning in spoken text and utterances [especially ability to recognise the speaker's attitude towards the listener and the topic by intonation]
9. Identifying the main points or important information in discourse [especially through vocal underlining and verbal cues]
10. Distinguishing main ideas from supporting detail [the whole & its parts, fact & opinion, statement & example, and proposition & argument]
11. Understanding explicitly stated ideas and information
12. Understanding ideas and information in spoken text and utterances which are not explicitly stated [e.g. through making inferences]
13. Interpreting spoken text by going outside information in the text to information not contained in the text [e.g. through picking up exophoric reference]
14. Transferring and transforming information in speech to diagrammatic display [e.g. through completing a