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Marc Chagall (French)

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Marc Chagall (French)
Marc Chagall naît en Russie, à Vitebsk, en 1887, dans une modeste famille juive. Il reçoit sa première formation artistique à Saint-Petersbourg. De 1910 à 1913, il séjourne à Paris, à Montparnasse, où vivent aussi Modigliani, Soutine, Léger et Lipchitz. Il devient l'ami du poète Blaise Cendrars. En 1911, il expose au Salon des Indépendants, à Paris, et en 1914 à Berlin, où il est remarqué par les expressionnistes allemands.

La guerre le ramène dans sa Russie natale; il y épouse Bella. En 1917, il devient commissaire des Beaux-Arts et fonde l'Académie de Vitebsk à laquelle il demande à des artistes comme Lissitsky et Malevitch de participer.

Ce n'est donc pas un inconnu qui revient à Paris en 1923. Accompagné de sa femme, Bella, et de sa fille, Ida, Marc Chagall a déjà un nom dans la peinture et plusieurs amis dans la ville qu'il retrouve: Sonia et Robert Delaunay, Blaise Cendrars et Soutine, notamment. C'est dans cet entourage amical, après les désillusions de la révolution russe, que Chagall se remet à peindre: de 1923 à 1927, il renoue avec son passé en exécutant de nouvelles versions d'oeuvres laissées à Paris avant la guerre et qu'il croyait perdues, comme Le Marchand de bestiaux, 1922-1923 (musée de Grenoble.)

L'épanouissement familial lui inspire des portraits de ses proches, et notamment de Bella, la femme aimée: Bella à l'oeillet, 1925, Bella et Ida à Peyra-Cava, 1931, Bella au béret blanc et Befla dans le jardin, 1936, (col. part.). Avec l'Autoportrait au sourire et l'Autoportrait à la grimace des années 1924-1925 (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris), où il se représente joyeux et léger, il retrouve un genre qu'il pratiquera toute sa vie.

Chagall avait découvert la technique de la gravure en 1923, à Berlin, où il avait illustré la version allemande de son autobiographie Ma Vie, pour l'éditeur Cassirer. A Paris, Blaise Cendrars présente Chagall à Ambroise Vollard, pour lequel Cézanne, Renoir, Toulouse-Lautrec, Bonnard, Picasso et Braque ont

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