At the start of the 20th century, Jim Crow laws still crippled the rights of the African American community and segregation was at an all-time high. Even occupations such as Federal employment were degraded through segregation. Consequently, small protests began; insignificant in the short term, but it truly laid the foundation for the civil rights movement to have a major impact throughout America. Despite the limits and obstacles in their path, men and women rose to new heights, disregarding the concept of white supremacy. Whilst they had to endure a life of hardship, being denied higher education and the vote, many would not allow themselves to remain ‘separate but equal’. This essay will explore the accomplishments of African-American leaders but focus on how they couldn’t have succeeded without the influence of other factors, such as the federal government, a view shared with Miles Mulin who stated that ‘… in combination with their own persistent efforts, only the concerted efforts of a muscular federal government guaranteed the most fundamental rights…’…
W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Marcus Garvey’s endeavors helped to accomplish great things for African Americans.…
Martin R. Delaney, born in 1812 to an enslaved father and free mother in Charles Town, [West] Virginia, was a renowned and outspoken African American abolitionist, writer, and politician. He briefly attended Harvard Medical School to complete his formal medical education, but was deferred via a prejudiced petition from other students. As the sanguinary conflict between the Union and the Confederacy erupted, he served as the first black field officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865), thereby encouraging scores of other black citizens to enlist (Butler). As a vehemently individualistic author, he composed numerous progressive texts that delineated the strife and various dilemmas that he and the vast majority of black citizens faced in the United States. Delaney collaborated with other prominent abolitionists including the likes of William Lloyd Garrison, and also Frederick Douglass, with whom he coedited The North Star (Stanford). As such a passionate activist for black freedom, he enthralled the [rightfully so] malcontented black slaves and denizens of America with his steadfast opinions. Delaney’s ultimate stance was one of mass emigration; he deplored African Americans to escape the ignorance of “their oppressors” by settling in West Africa along the Niger River (Butler). Thus, he is recurrently remembered as the “Father of Black Nationalism.” Nevertheless, this conventional perception of Delaney’s outlook is rendered inadequate by the actuality of his ideology of ‘transformatism,’ (which lacked reference or pride to a specific geographical region or country) or the refusal to accept subservience and the notion that…
Colonization started to justify the freedom of slaves. White America did not want free slaves living among them in harmony. Several “pro-abolitionists” created the idea of colonization of another country with free slaves. Walker saw this as another way to deprive black Americans of their livelihood. Blacks had worked so hard for their masters and now, in return, were going to be shipped to another country as a…
Booker T. Washington was born in Hales Ford, Virginia in 1856. Washington was born into slavery, his mom was a cook for a plantation owner and his father was an unknown white man. Washington worked his way through school. Washington graduated from Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute, in Virginia in 1875. He went become a teacher after graduation. In 1881 he would help found the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. The school was for blacks, and Washington would travel to promote the school, however he would reassure the whites that the school would not cause any issues against them. This was his vision basically that blacks could take care of themselves and that if they would just get…
Marcus Garvey promoted black nationalism. He also encouraged blacks to become independent and self-sufficient doing more business in the black community.…
The late 1800s and early 1900s, during the era of post Emancipation, the United States was a period of identity exploration, enlightenment, and empowerment, as well as interdivision, discrimination, and adaptation for the African American peoples. Social revolutionists like Marcus Garvey and role modeled entrepreneurs like Madam CJ Walker were among the many blacks that influenced the national black community during their time of struggle and search for societal and economical direction. Walker and Garvey both strived for the advancement of their people, but had different long term effects on blacks and plans for the future. Walker’s use of Eurocentric ideals to beautify Black features socially and economically carried her higher than any woman, let alone black woman, in the business world. Her use of advertisements created a standard of black beauty in America that would gain acceptance. Garvey’s efforts to create a movement glorifying Afrocentric culture and lifestyle resulted in criticism from his own people and federal attention. These historical figures in the African American community were a part of a long lasting conflict of identity within the black race and the continuation of developing a black American culture completely different than African culture, creating a disparity between what it means to be African and African American.…
Since then Booker T Washington and W.E.B Dubois have both had echoes in subsequent African American Political thought. Similar to Washington both Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X has strong notions of separatism. Washington’s ideas of separatism were different form Garvey and Malcolm X. Washington’s eventual goal was that black and whites could coexist but that in the moment blacks needed to find their own way in order to become equal. Garvey took this idea and brought it one step further. Garvey, as Washington had been, was a strong proponent of Black Nationalism but where Washington felt this was a temporary necessity to a over arching problem, Garvey, “believe[d] that white men should be white, yellow men should be yellow, and black men should be black in the great panorama of races,” and, “the white man of America will not, to any organized extent, assimilate the Negro,” because in doing so the white man will be committing “racial suicide.” These ideas were passed on to Malcolm X, who, in his younger years, like Garvey, “too believe[d] the best solution,” of the African American struggle, “is…
This would be the advantage to migrating Blacks to the North who became employed, homeowners, and businessmen. The on-going fight to desegregate the South began in the North with African-Americans who understood their advantage and position in society. Common in the urban enclaves found an outlet for their alienation in a charismatic nationalist from Jamaica named Marcus Garvey. Nation of Nations A Narrative History of the American Republic Volume II: Since 1865 Chapters 17-32 6th Edition Page 704 His Universal Negro Improvement Association stressed self-help while demanding an end to colonialism in 1916-1924 by organizing mass movements of African-Americans back to…
During the 20th century, America was a place of great cultural and social turbulence after being so deeply divided for so long. The Autobiography was collaboration between the most visible spokesman for the black power movement, Malcolm X, and journalist Alex Haley that conducted in-depth interviews between 1963 and 1965, before his assassination. This work explores his come-up from being an unruly rebel as an adolescent to an electrifying Nation of Islam minister.…
Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican born national came to the United States in 1916 in order to visit Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. Booker T. Washington had a great impact on Marcus Garvey and his ideologies, in fact it was after Garvey read Up from Slavery did Garvey really understood the plight of the black man and found his calling to uplift the Negro race socially, economically and politically. As a result Garvey began to as himself questions that would become the catalysis that would start a movement that would propel the black race into a state of awareness and find a connection between them and the mother land Africa. Garvey’s founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. The function of the UNIA was to unite ALL the Negro peoples of the world into one great body to establish a country and government that was their own. Garvey’s movement was on of great support and he established branches of UNIA in thirty-six states and around the world. Garvey also established a journal “Negro World” its function to promote his cause to inform blacks and encourage the transport of people and goods to and from Africa. Although Garvey’s dream was not totally realized the impact his works and mission to unite his people his…
Booker T. Washington was the most important black educator of the late and early 20th centuries; he positively impacted the history of America. Booker Taliaferro was born a mulatto slave in Franklin County, Virginia on April 5th 1856. Booker had 3 other si His father was an unknown white man and his mother was a slave of James Burroughs. His mothers “master” was a small farmer from Virginia. His mother got married to a man named Washington Ferguson. When booker started school he took his stepfathers name and became known as Booker T. Washington. After the civil war the family moved Malden, West Virginia. When the emancipation proclamation was read to booker and his family in front of the Burroughs house, his family soon left to join his stepfather…
During the 1960’s, the powerful speeches spoken about equality by two men about black empowerment, ultimately lead to them to their deaths. The words spoken by Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were so strong and influential, helping them gain great audiences and followers. King preached out over the “brotherhood” among races, and the importance of non-violence. Malcolm X, also advocated for the end to segregation, but emphasized the needs for blacks to become independent of the white man, and stand up for themselves. Both King and Malcolm X had similar goals in their minds, but took distinct paths to attain those goals. Both of their many speeches varied with great distinction. While the content and underlying ideas of the speeches may have different examples and ideas, they both use many common literary devices and rhetorical strategies to attain their audience’s attention. It is through Malcolm X’s use of emotion, together with the use of other strategies, that he ultimately created a more passionate influence on his audience.…
During the mid-60’s, in a time where the nation was separated and segregated by race, an author named James Baldwin stood up for his thoughts and opinions. While the people of the United States waged war against each other, James Baldwin reached out to those who were unaware of the hardships of his people and showed them what it was like being an African American during the 1960’s.…
Negro sought out the opportunity to bring himself up from the bottom which was significant because the “new” Negro was ready to emerge. After moving to Chicago in 1927 he got a job at the Post Office as a clerk where he spent his spare time reading other authors. Due to the Great Depression he was…