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Materialen in Kerncentrale

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Materialen in Kerncentrale
2009

Bruno Baets
Evert De Loose
Deborah Rochtus
Thomas Truyens
Charles Turcksin
Jelle Van Roosbroeck

3e Bach HIR

[MATERIAALGEBRUIK IN KERNCENTRALES]
Bespreking verschillende hoogtechnologische materialen binnen een kerncentrale.

INHOUDSOPGAVE
Algemene Inleiding 3
Structuur kerncentrale 3
Materialen 4
Reactorvat 4 splijtstof 4
Verrijking van uranium 5
Omhulsel 5
Moderator 6
Regelstaven 7
Reactor koelsysteem 8 reactor koelpomp en bijhorend koelingsysteem 9
Drukhouder 9 stoomgeneratoren 10
Secundair circuit 11
Veiligheidsaspecten 11
Voorkomen ontsporende kernreactie 11
Bescherming van de omgeving bij normale bedrijfsvoering 12
Bescherming van de omgeving in het geval van calamiteiten 12
Opberging kernafval 13
Functie 13
Materialen 13
Lijst van gebruikte bronnen 14

ALGEMENE INLEIDING
Een kerncentrale is één van de meest zorgvuldig ontworpen gebouwen. Een kleine fout in het ontwerp kan catastrofale gevolgen hebben. Ook het gebruikte materiaal moet nauwkeurig gekozen worden. De temperatuur binnen het systeem loopt al snel op tot 300°C. Materialen worden verder blootgesteld aan hoge concentraties neutronenflux (100 tot 200dpa) en corrosiebevorderende omstandigheden (water als moderator). Materialen moeten bestand zijn tegen deze effecten. Ze moeten daardoor een hoge thermische geleidbaarheid en weerstand hebben, gekoppeld aan een lage thermische uitzetting, een aanvaardbare sterkte met beperkt verlies van vorm en taaiheid, lage zwelling en een hoge weerstand tegen kruip en corrosie.
STRUCTUUR KERNCENTRALE FIGUUR 1: STRUCTUUR KERNCENTRALE
Bij een PWR-reactor (1) wordt de warmte die vrijkomt bij de splijting doorgegeven aan het water dat in een primaire , afgesloten kring langs de splijtstofstaven loopt. Het primaire water bereikt een gemiddelde temperatuur van 300°C, het kookt niet omdat het, met behulp van een drukhouder, onder een druk van 155 bar wordt gehouden(2). Een stoomgenerator (3) transporteert, via de



Links: Milena Matijasevic, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Cr Model Alloys and High Cr Steels under Neutron Irradiation, 2007 ELECTRABEL, Energiek Ondernemen, nr 23, maart 2009 H. Kleykamp, The chemical state of the fission products in oxide fuels, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volume 131, Issues 2-3, Pages 221-246, 1985 J P. Marschall, Austentic Stainless steels-Microstructure and mechanical properties, Elsevier, 1984 Hafnium alloys as neutron absorbers, Free Patents Online J. Stuckert, First results of the QUENCH-13 bundle experiment with silver–indium–cadmium control rod, in: Proceedings of the 13th International QUENCH Workshop, November 20–22, 2007. M. Steinbrück, A. Meier, E. Nold, U. Stegmaier, Degradation and oxidation of B4C control rod segments at high temperatures, Report FZKA 6980, 2004. M. Steinbrück, C. Homann, A. Miassoedov, G. Schanz, L. Sepold, U. Stegmaier, H. Steiner, J. Stuckert, Results of the QUENCH-09 experiment with a B4C control rod, Report FZKA 6829, 2004. Z. Hózer, I. Nagy, P. Windberg, M. Balaskó, L. Matus, O. Prokopiev, A. Pintér, M. Horváth, Gy. Gyenes, A. Czitrovszky, A. Nagy, P. Jani, CODEX-B4C experiment: core degradation test with boron carbide control rod, Report KFKI-2003-01/G, 2003. R. Tricot, the metallurgy and functional properties of hafnium, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol 189, Issue3, pages 277-288. 1993 Risovany, V.D.a; Varlashova, E.E.a; Suslov, Journal of Nuclear Materials Vol: 281, Issue: 1, September 2, pp.84-89, 2000

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