Mcj-202 Foundation of Criminology

MCJ-202 Foundation of Criminology

1. Are there injurious acts in the society that are not considered and punished as crimes? Give at least 5 and explain.

Answer: There are some injurious acts in the society that are not considered as crime, because our law is a Reactive and not Proactive mean: the we considered what is the result of what you have done and not the motive or reason of what you have done. Examples of these are:

• Drunk Driving Traffic fatalities caused by drivers under the influence of alcohol are another evil caused by the “beast in the bottle.” this crime is typically referred to as driving under the influence or driving while intoxicated. Driving under the influence is the most serious Part II offense because of its sometimes deadly consequences. It was pointed out that more people are killed by drunken drivers in a typical year than are murdered by other means.

• Inciting to violence These may seem synonymous with riot, but it is not the same offense. The person is knowingly engage in conduct designed to urge or incite another to commit any offense of violence.

• False Alarms This conduct induce panic, an example of inducting panic would be to yell, “Someone’s got a gun” in a crowded movie theatre, knowing that no one has a gun. These will later form a panic in anyone at the movie theatre.

• Sleeping in public • Panhandling or beggin These 2 are not injurious but it makes the people barbaric. And they will cause harm not only for them self but for other as well.

2. What types of crimes that are prevalent during C.Y. 2008-2009? Explain the factors contributing to its prevalence, and what measures can you suggest in order to eliminate them.

Answer: During C.Y. 2008-2009 the crime that is prevalent are crimes against property. The economic factors are the robust determinants of crime rates. This implies that generally, the more the stable the economy is, the lower the crime rates. Thus, it is recommended that policy makers should focus on the stabilization of the economy because it has a significant influence on the variation of crime rates. One disturbing result of the study is that there is only a little support between the relationship of the number of policemen and crime rates; that is, the number of policemen is not statistically significant for the three models. There are two opposing implications for this: first, the number of policemen is not just really enough to influence crime rates; second, policemen are just inefficient on their job that is why they cannot simply influence the crime rates. There is also a big possibility to have both. It is recommended that the government should: hire additional policemen; conduct more extensive training, seminars, and reeducating for the old and new policemen; provide enough and advance facilities because policemen might not be effective even with their number if their facilities are outmoded or outdated.

3. Are criminals rational decision makers, or are they motivated by uncontrollable psychological drives?

Answer: Some criminals are rational thinkers, they analyze 1st the situation, if they will gain more and less chance of apprehension. It was according to the principle of the Rational Choice theory that crime is choice by any one because we have Free Will, a freedom to choice between good or bad. But still there are some that what we called Irrational Criminals, which is the situation made them criminal. Sometimes because of uncontrollable feeling, cause by the situation or accident and others because of mental incapacities.

4. Do you agree that the tendency to commit crime is inherited? If yes, what should you done in order to prevent it?

Answer: I beg to disagree that the tendency to commit crime is inherited. Because crime is a social phenomenon and not a scientific phenomenon which you can explain by simple reading and making a mathematical statistics to prove what you have say. Crime varies as the world change. Its varies thru time and place. We can say that a man was a criminals upon hear in court but you cannot say that his/her offspring will become criminals without upon further evidence.

5. Do you believe a distinct lower class culture exists in our setting? If so, cite an example.

Answer: Yes! I do believe that distinct lower class culture exists in our setting. You can see it at the Tondo Area. Mostly, my friends told me that our culture hire at Tondo is different on what they have been. The lower class culture is controversial and is opposed by situation, which locates the genesis of poverty in economic and social structures of society rather than in the value orientations of individuals or groups. Structural barriers create the conditions which might generate these values and expectations. If this is so, the solution is to transform the structures and not to blame the poor.

6. Discuss the concept of Social Bond Theory. Once weakened, can a person’s bond to society become reattached? What social process might help reattachment?

Answer: Individuals engage in criminal acts, but rather why individuals choose to conform to conventional norms. These include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. The stronger these four bonds, the least likely one would become delinquent. First assumes that everyone has potential to become delinquent and criminal and it is social controls, not moral values that maintain law and order. Without controls, one is free to commit criminal acts. Moral codes are then defied by delinquents because their attachment to society is weak. While

Views delinquents as rejecting such social norms and beliefs. The first bond, attachment, refers to one's interest in others. One's acceptance of social norms and the development of social conscious depend on attachment for other human beings. Parents, schools, and peers as important social institutions for a person. Attachment takes three forms—attachment to parents, to school, and to peers. While examining attachment to parents juveniles refrain from delinquency due to the consequences that the act would most likely produce, therefore putting such a relationship between parent and child in jeopardy. In some respect, can argue that this acts as a primary deterrent to engaging in delinquency. Strength, however, in such a deterrent would largely depend on the depth and quality of the parent-child interaction. The amount of time child and parent spend together are equally important, including intimacy in conversation and identification that may exist between parent and child.
Academic incompetence leads to poor school performance, which leads to a dislike of school, which leads to rejection of teachers and authority, which results in acts of delinquency. Attachment to school depends on how one appreciates the institution and how he/she is received by fellow peers andteachers. The second bond is that of commitment and it involves time, energy, and effort placed on conventional lines of action. In other words, the support of and equal partaking in social activities tie an individual to the moral and ethical code of society. People who build an investment in life, property, and reputation are less likely to engage in criminal acts which will jeopardize their social position. A lack of commitment to such conventional values will cause an individual to partake in delinquent or criminal acts. The third bond is involvement. This addresses a preoccupation in activites which stress the conventional interests of society. Individual's heavy involvement in conventional activities doesn't leave time to engage in delinquent or criminal acts. He believes that involvement in school,

7. Is conflict inevitable in all culture? If not what can be done to reduce level of conflict in our society?

Answer: It’s true that conflict is inevitable in all culture. But we can face it in a good way. Think that this barrier is such a miles stone to grow you to change to a better person.

8. Do you agree that there is such a “Latent Trait” that makes a person crime prone or is crime is a function of environment and socialization?

Answer: I would argue that "nurture" is by far more important than "nature" in making some people commit crimes. I admit that it is possible that there are genetic factors that make it more likely that a given person will end up committing crimes. However, the environment in which they grow up surely has more to do with whether they actually end up committing crimes. If you put two people with identical genetic propensities to crime in very different environments, the one who gets put in a poor environment with a weak family support system is surely more likely to commit crimes than the one who is put into a well-off family that is tightly-knit and which gives the child a structured and disciplined environment. Therefore, genetics may influence criminality, but I would argue that environment and socialization matters much more.

9. What are the postulates advocate by the Classical, Neo-Classical and Positivist School of Criminology? Discuss the significant contribution of these schools of thought in our criminal justice system.

Answer: • Classical School of Criminology
Their interest lay in the system of Criminal Justice and Penology and indirectly through the proposition that “Man is a calculating animals”, the causes of Criminal Behavior. The Main Idea of the Classical School is Utilitarianism- the view that people behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Contribution of the Classical School of Criminology to the Criminal Justice System. All modern Criminal Justice System in the world assume the Classical position that person are free agents who deserve to be punished when they violate the law. Much idea’s championed by Beccaria in such right as freedom from cruel and punishment, the right to a speedy trial, the prohibition of ex post facto law, the right to confront ones accuser and equality under law, contained in the Bill of Rights and other documents at the heart of westerns legal system today. • Positivist Criminology
Positivism The branch of social science that uses scientific method of natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological psychological or economic forces.
Two Main Parts of Positivism 1. They belief that behavior is a function internal and external forces. 2. Embraces the scientific method to solve problem Positivist criminology assumes that criminal behaviour is determined, thus failing to acknowledge human agency, it also points out the dangers of such a deterministic view. However perspective does cover all levels of analysis from a micro to a macro level. Biological positivism highlights the impact of nature but was unable to identify what was transmitted. While psychological positivism highlighted the criminal personality however failed to acknowledge this can change over time. Sociological positivism was shown as viewing crime as normal while individual positivism claims it’s abnormal, therefore effecting how each reacted to, and viewed crime, with sociological side even seeing crime as performing a positive function. Both perspectives believe there is a consensus in society, either individual or collective. Therefore failing to acknowledge varying culture, as well as being class and gender blind. To conclude it is clear to see that positivist criminologies do add to our understanding of the possible causes of crime but it cannot explain all crime. Due to it’s reductionist approach it misses many interconnecting aspects and cannot be considered comprehensive. Therefore a multi theoretical approach is best for investigating crime.

• Neoclassical School of Criminology Neoclassical crime theory is a continuation of classical crime theory tradition. Development of neoclassical crime theory will continue in 1980 with a forming of new sociological theories i.e. differential association and identification. Although sources that mention neoclassical school and crime theory of criminology are present merely in "traccatus", it main contribution to the field of criminology is reflected through the understanding of individual differences of the perpetrators. While classical school was wholly concern with an explanation of crime, neoclassical crime theory saw some flaws in Beccaria's theory of crime. Classical crime theory completely concentrated on the criminal act and positivist crime theory concentrated on the perpetrator. Positivist were obsessed with behavioral prediction and classicist with a crime explanation. Neoclassical crime theory sought to improve the stances towards perpetrators that should have an impact on the level of guilt and severity of punishment. Not all perpetrators should be treated in the same fashion, because the evident differences exist among them. Crime is a result of many conditions that have ultimately influenced on the perpetrators to commit it. Representative of neoclassical criminology theory, Gabriel Tarde published the book "Penal philosophy" in 1890. Gabriel Tarde was a French sociologist and founder of neoclassical criminology school. In his book Trade criticizes classical and positivist criminology and takes the best from both criminology. Neoclassical criminology theory takes into consideration age, gender and social class of the perpetrators. The perpetrators are people who think, feel, act and that criminal behavior is learned within groups by imitation and identification. 10. Discuss the following Crime Topologies: a. Violent Crime b. Economic Crime c. Public Order Crime
Answer:
Violent Crime- crime of violence is a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim. This entails both crimes in which the violent act is the objective, such as murder, as well as crimes in which violence is the means to an end, (including criminal ends) such as robbery. Violent crimes include crimes committed with and without weapons. With the exception of rape (which accounts for 6% of all reported violent crimes), males are the primary victims of all forms of violent crime. Economic Crime is illegal acts in which offenders' principal motivation appears to be economic gain. Here, an economic crime is conceived of as any offense in which individuals or collectivities of people purposively act in an illegal manner in order to gain financial returns. Although conceptually appealing, this tradition has several drawbacks. For example, it assumes that offenders' motivations are readily observable or knowable from the criminal act itself. Although the motive behind robberies may appear to be the desire for property, perpetrators' primary motivation may be different. Some crimes have multiple motives and economic gain may be a secondary goal. Furthermore, offenders themselves are not always conscious of their motives and they may be unable to distinguish between the reasons that precipitated their actions and the rationalizations or justifications that follow them. Public order crime acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e. it is behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values, and customs. 11. Discuss the major premises and strength of the following theories of crime causation.

Social Structure Theories a. Social Disorganization b. Strain Theory c. Cultural Deviance Theory

Social Process Theory a. Social Learning b. Social Control c. Social Reaction
Answer:
• Social Structure Theories
Social Disorganization It basically refers to the failure of social institutions or social organizations in certain communities and/or neighborhoods. It has its origins in the study of ecology, which is the examination of relations between an organism and its environment.
Strain Theory. The increase in aspirations and a decrease in expectations should lead to an increase in delinquency. Strain theory predicted a concentration of delinquent behavior in the lower class, but research proved that delinquency was also common in the middle and upper classes. Other variables are also neglected by this theory of strain, such as the abandonment of crime in late adolescence and the quality of family relationships. Strain theory is based on the general idea that "when people are treated badly they may get upset and engage in crime". The general strain theory identifies the ways of measuring strain, the different types of strain, the link between strain and crime, and policy recommendations based on the theory.
Cultural Deviance Theory. The major tenet of cultural deviance theory is that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower class society causes crime. Lower class subculture has a unique set of values and beliefs, which are invariably in conflict with conventional social norms. Criminality is an expression of conformity to lower class sub cultural values. Members of the working class commit crimes as they respond to the cultural norms of their own class in an effort to deal with problems of social –middle class- adjustment. • Social Process Theory
Social Learning holds that delinquency is learned through close relationships to others. Both the techniques of crime and attitudes necessary to support the delinquency are learned. Learning theories assume that children are born “good” and then learned from others to be “bad”. Learning theory holds that children living in even the most deteriorated urban areas can successfully resist inducement to the crime if they have learned proper moral values, attitudes, and behaviours from their parents, peers, teachers, and neighbours. Delinquency, in contrast, develops by learning the norms, values, and behaviours associated with criminal activity.

Social Control suggest that many forms of delinquent behavior are attractive to all teenagers, but only those who have few social supports through (family, friends, and teachers) feel free to violate the law.
Social Reaction views delinquent behavior as a function of the influence of powerful members of the society have over less fortunate youths. Two main branches of the theory are currently popular. Labelling theory is concerned with the consequences of stigmatization by agents of social control, including official institutions such as the police and the courts and unofficial institutions such as parents and neighbours’. 12. Categorize the different professional subject in the B.S. Criminology Curriculum.
Answer:
Criminalistics: 1. Fingerprints 2. Question Documents 3. Forensic Toxicology 4. Ballistics 5. Legal Medicine 6. Forensic Chemistry 7. Police Photography
Law Enforcement Administration 1. Police Organization 2. Police Ethics 3. Police Planning 4. Industrial Security 5. Police Patrol 6. Police Intelligence
Correctional Administration 1. Institutional Correction 2. Non-Institutional Correction
Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure 1. Criminal law Book 1 and 2 2. Criminal Procedure 3. Criminal Evidence 4. Court Testimony
Criminal Sociology 1. Introduction to Criminology 2. Philippines Criminal Justice System 3. Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention 4. Human Behavior and Crisis Management
Ethics and Human Relations 1. Police Ethics and Value 2. Crime Statistics 13. When does the person deemed to be engaged in the practice of criminology?
Answer:
A person is deemed to be engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalists, (c) correctional Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum provided by the Department of Education. 2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or private agency. 3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questions documents, police photography, lie detection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection. 4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional and penal institution. 5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency on any aspects of criminal research or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation or public welfare administration.
Privileges of certified criminologists. All certified criminologists shall be exempt from taking any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations and shall be considered civil service eligibles to the following government positions: (1) dactylographer, (2) ballistician, (3) questioned document examiner, (4) correctional officer, (5) law enforcement photographer, (6) lie detection examiner, (7) probation officer, (8) agents in any law enforcement agency, (9) security officer, (10) criminal investigator, or (11) police laboratory technician. Certified criminologists shall be eligible for appointment as Partrolman in chartered cities and municipalities, provided they possess the general qualifications for appointment provided in Section nine, Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight hundred and sixty-four.