Max Black build his ideas on Ivor’s assumptions and tried to bring the phenomenon to a more comprehensive and detailed investigation. Black on one hand, criticized the Aristotelian argument of ‘substitution’, on the other hand he elaborated on the ‘comparison’ perspective. Black’s main contribution is the refinement of Ivor’s ‘interaction’ views (Black 1962). The interaction view was first advocated by the literary theorist Richards (1936) and was subsequently developed by the philosopher Max Black (1962) both theories have two central claims: first, metaphors have an irreducible ‘cognitive content’, and that this cognitive content is produced by the ‘interaction’ of different cognitive systems. Interactionists generally claim that the ‘cognitive contents’ of metaphors can be true, even though they are not amenable to literal expression.…
Glucksberg, S. (2001). Understanding Figurative Language. New York: Oxford University Press. [Online]. Retrieved at: www.library.nu [April 11th 2011].…
C. In between these two types of metaphors are metaphors which have lost “word power”…
Metaphor is for most people device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish--a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. For this reason, most people think they can get along perfectly well without metaphor. We have found,on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.…
For instance, many rarely appreciate that they are speaking metaphorically when saying things such as, “I’ve never won an argument,” and “He shot down all of my arguments.” These phrases support the conceptual metaphor that Argument is War (Lakoff and Johnson 454). Lakoff and Johnson also identify the terms of source domain and target domain. The source is the term that is concrete, which is used to better understand the other phrase, being war in this instance. The target is the abstract term, or one that needs to be understood by another term or phrase, which would be “argument” in this case. Metaphor is typically present in all forms of rhetoric and discourse to persuade the audience and allow it to see one side of an issue in a certain…
Irving Layton uses metaphor in his essay. 'books have become objects of curiosity; like an atomic pile, something heard about but never seen'(p145) This sentence lets people relate with the point that author is trying to get across to the reader. The reader now has a mental reference or link to what is being described so he can now better understand what he is reading. This stylistic device is used effectively in this essay.…
In Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the author displays the power of rhetoric. The pigs within the novel effectively use rhetoric to persuade the other animals in a variety of ways. Three powerful rhetorical tools that the pigs use are ethos, pathos, and logos.…
Use of Language: Metaphor- “Out, damned spot! Out, I say!—One, two. Why, then, ’tis time to do ’t. “…
A metaphor is used to compare things, or as a saying. Zora Neale Hurston uses a metaphor such as “no matter how far a person can go the horizon is still way beyond you – and pinched it into such a little bit of a thing that she could tie it about her granddaughter’s neck tight enough to choke her.” A literary device such as a metaphor is used constantly to emphasize certain objects or events in Janie’s life to make them more significant.…
In the reading selection “Metaphors We Live By” by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, the authors convey that metaphors are used on a daily basis by people like you and I. Some metaphors we use are easier to spot and understand than others. With metaphors there is a shifting in meaning between words or phrases by analogy or by comparison, through this we are shown likeness in the words we did not expect. Metaphors are infused in the lyrics of today music, famous rappers and singers use them to make example of people or places. I”ve found metaphors to be used in sports by athletes and sportscasters. Literature of the present and past are full of metaphors that draw you into the book or story you are reading.…
A metaphor is the use of something familiar to understand something less familiar. For instance, if a news report says "unemployment went down this month," the familiar feeling of "going down" helps everyone to understand that the number of people looking for work has reduced.…
Metaphors merge two superficially incompatible concepts to create symbolism. Metaphors have entailments through which they highlight and make coherent certain aspects of our experience. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980:132). Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action.…
A metaphor is the use of something familiar to understand something less familiar. For instance, if a news report says "unemployment went down this month," the familiar feeling of "going down" helps everyone to understand that the number of people looking for work has reduced.…
Nick: Uhh…. the essay is just a draft, for the test you should define a metaphor.…
A metaphor is a tool that allows individuals to relate a feeling, concept, or thought to a concrete illustration that could be understood by most listeners. According to Burns (2007) a metaphor is a form of language or communication that is creative, expressive, powerful, and at times challenging. Metaphors are a common aspect of our spoken language and are used often every day. By employing metaphors in every day conversations, it allows individuals to add imagery, emotion, and spice to stories and conversations. As humans, we are drawn to stories, as evident by our love of film, and metaphors add to stories (Burns, 2007).…