Modern Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright

Thesis
Modern architecture is new ideologies of architectural that show up in many Western countries in the decade after industrial revolution I. It was based on the rational use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the reject of what it is exists and miscellaneous decoration. This style has been generally designated as modern, although the labels International style and functionalism have also been used.
In rudimentary architecture the human presence can seem subject to the domination of nature. Architecture cannot disengage it self from the natural and human factors, it never do so, it function rather is to bring nature ever close to us. Everything should be on the premise of respect for the natural. And consider
its function, instead of the outcome of mass production. Instead of simple voids set into solids closed forms symmetry space, architects transform the idea space to a dynamic and asymmetrical balance; tense interactions of form and space, there were dynamic extensions of color planes into the surroundings.

Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the America’s most famous architects, designed the house for his clients, the Kaufmann family.
Fallingwater is the name of a very special house that is built over a waterfall Fallingwater was built between 1936 and 1939.
Robie House is name of another very special house that is built in the campus of the University of Chicago in the neighborhood of Hyde Park in Chicago, Illinois, It was designed and built between 1908 and 1910. Both of them are become famous, and today it is a National Historic Landmark.
Wright described his architectural style as "organic"--in harmony with nature, and though Fallingwater reveals vocabulary drawn from the International style in certain aspects, this country house exhibits so many features typical of Wright's natural style, the house very much engaged with its
surroundings.

1
The new architecture is consider the function of each space instead of fancy decoration, but throws the functional space, Frank Lloyd Wright, promoted an idea of "organic architecture", the primary tenet of which was that a structure should look as if it naturally grew from the site. Use of simple straight line and geometric shape, and layout in different direction and layers to create different sections, instead of use walls divide the space.

One of the important aspects of Fallingwater would include its massing, the major forms that make up the building would be the rectangular prisms which are stacked on top of one another at 90 degree angles, though it comprises of such simple geometry. It was designed in such a way that he cantilevers or the rectangular balconies that jut outwards would hole the whole residence over the waterfall. The terraces form a complex, overriding horizontal force with their protrusions that liberated space with their risen planes parallel to the ground. Fallingwater is constructed on three levels primarily of reinforced concrete, native sandstone and glass. The first floor is almost an entire large room, for family and guests gathering which consisted only main living room, dinning area, kitchen and staff room. And the second floor is a composed bedroom, and the third floor is classified as studying and relaxing space. Falling water was built in a clustered manner with a composition of spaces, which are dissimilar is size, form and function but related to on another by an axial condition. The main axis is the fireplace, and the axis unified the portions of a clustered organization of Fallingwater.

Robie house is another great example.
The house is divided into two wings, keeping the public areas toward the street and the service areas near the innermost sections of the house. The floor composition is based on two adjacent horizontal bars that are mixed in a central space which are anchored by the vertical column of the fireplace. The space is divided into two areas, the living and dining areas separated by fireplace, but wisely connected. On both ends of this space the two long galleries form triangular areas that are more intimate for relaxing and dinning. And the bedroom is at the second level.

The significance of Wright's design of the Robie House is that he neglected the conventional ideation of a house as a box containing a smaller "boxes" for rooms. By contrast, the interior space is fluid and transparent, allowing the entry of light without obstructing the view. This "explosion of the box" produces the effect of walls unfolding to reveal large, vast
spaces.

2
The richness of design of the space from the clever overlapping down the slop in section; and from the way the stairs, corridors, and display rooms were modeled as if from a continuous volume of space.
In Fallingwater, the circulation through the house consists of dark, narrow passageways, intended this way so that people experience a feeling of compression when compared to that of expansion the closer they get to the outdoors.

Wright rejected the popular view that indoor spaces should be closed and isolated from each other. In contrast, he designed the house so that the space in each room or hall was open to the other, so that the feeling in the house was one of immense light and space. To differentiate one area from another, Wright resorted to lightweight divisions or different height ceilings, avoiding unnecessary solid room divisions. So Wright was the first to establish the difference between "defined spaces" and "closed spaces". The floor composition is based on two adjacent horizontal bars that are mixed in a central space, anchored by the vertical column of the fireplace, around which the rooms are arranged and interconnected.

In Robie house, the use of the slender steel columns make the walls independent from load and can be positioned freely within the space. The low roofs are to enhance the horizontal orientation of the building and it’s reinforced by the overhang roof that extend from the inside to the outside, this helps to blur the boundaries between the interior and the exterior, merging the surroundings with the building itself. The application of the low roofs can narrow the visitor’s vision forcing them to adjust to the views framed that will encourage movement throughout the pavilion.