Mrs. Bonnie V

Name: VALENTINE Date: ___October 28, 2012____

1. Arrests are more likely to occur among adolescents who are:
A) ages 12 to 14 rather than 15 to 17.
B) females rather than males.
C) European Americans rather than Asian Americans.
D) good students.

2. To understand gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress:
A) biological mechanisms.
B) reinforcement.
C) reasoning ability.
D) unconscious motivations.

3. The group most likely to be taking medication for diagnosed ADHD is comprised of:
A) girls.
B) boys.
C) children in first and second grades.
D) children in third, fourth, and fifth grades.

4. In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with which of the following?
A) the tendency for girls to date boys younger than themselves
B) the tendency for girls to enter into later, nurturing relationships
C) aggression and antisocial behavior in boys
D) early-maturing boys becoming leaders in their schools and community

5. About two-thirds of all those who take IQ tests score in the “average” range, that is, between 85 and:
A) 100.
B) 115.
C) 125.
D) 135.

6. A disorder that may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is:
A) hearing impairment.
B) nearsightedness.
C) extreme impulsivity.
D) autism.

7. Preconventional morality involves:
A) the careful consideration of all options.
B) an emphasis on laws and social order.
C) an emphasis on reward and punishment.
D) trying to gain the approval of others.

8. ______ is generally considered a more mature emotion than ______ because the former one comes from within the individual and demonstrates self-awareness.
A) Doubt; guilt
B) Guilt; shame
C) Shame; guilt
D) Competence; inferiority

9. By what age is a child able to use humor and a sense of fairness to gain entry into a group of friends and playmates?
A) 3 years
B) 4 years
C) 5 years
D) 2 years

10. One reason why adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is:
A) lack of media attention to the importance of good nutrition.
B) misunderstanding about what is and is not healthy food.
C) altered taste buds due to hormonal surges.
D) anxiety about their body image.

11. Which of the following is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial crises?
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) ego integrity versus incompetence

12. Which of the following best explains why children who come from violent homes have few close friends and are lonely?
A) The family actively prevents outside acquaintances in order to maintain the secrecy of the violent behavior.
B) The children don't learn the skills necessary to sustain close relationships.
C) The children are afraid of others because of the violent relationships in their homes.
D) The violent parent prevents such friendships.

13.v; The amygdala is a brain structure that registers:
A) body temperature.
B) emotions.
C) speech perception.
D) handedness.

14. One of Vygotsky's most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that:
A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs.
B) children can only reach a certain level of intelligence.
C) children can master some tasks with the help of others.
D) certain parts of the brain need to be activated.

15. Pressure to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as:
A) conformance.
B) adolescent burden.
C) generation gap.
D) peer pressure.

16. Identify the accurate statement about adolescent suicide.
A) The adolescent suicide rate is about twice that of adults.
B) The adolescent rate in 2005 is double what it was in 1962.
C) Almost all teens who seriously consider suicide attempt suicide.
D) The present adolescent suicide rate is about 1 in 500 each year.

17. In the school years, Piaget believed that children are in the period of:
A) latency.
B) preoperational thought.
C) metacognitive thought.
D) concrete operational thought.

18. According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of:
A) identity versus role confusion.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) independence versus neediness.
D) integration versus separation.

19. By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is:
A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition.
B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information.
C) unlimited regarding information but limited to highly emotional experiences.
D) virtually limitless.

20. According to the usual definition, a child with a learning disability often:
A) has notable vision or hearing problems.
B) is of low intelligence.
C) lives in stressful environments.
D) has no apparent physical handicap.

21. Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is:
A) withdrawn-rejected.
B) a girl.
C) homely.
D) obese.

22. The belief that our society's obsession with cleanliness and sterile environments may actually increase the risk of asthma is referred to as:
A) the sterile environment theory.
B) the hygiene hypothesis.
C) the spore theory.
D) the immunity hypothesis.

23. The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called:
A) myelination.
B) action potential.
C) transmission.
D) mylarization.

24. Analytic thinking requires a certain level of:
A) brain capacity, intellectual maturity, and motivation.
B) language development and curiosity.
C) emotional connection and empathy.
D) dendrites and axons.

25. For almost every drug, use becomes more widespread from about age ______ to ______.
A) 8; 15
B) 10; 18
C) 10; 25
D) 12; 16

26. One underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:
A) the simultaneous development of magical thinking.
B) neurological maturation.
C) static reasoning.
D) centration.

27. What effect does malnutrition have on puberty?
A) It tends to hasten the onset of puberty.
B) It has no consistent effect on puberty.
C) It only has an effect on puberty if other sociocultural factors are present.
D) It tends to delay the onset of puberty.

28. The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age:
A) 1.
B) 5.
C) 9.
D) 13.

29. During the school years, self-esteem typically:
A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
D) fluctuates up and down.

30. Ever since he began puberty, Barry has been staying awake late at night and craving sleep in the mornings. His parents should:
A) get Barry professional help.
B) realize that this is due to his avoiding them.
C) realize that this is due to changes in the brain.
D) realize that this is due to hormonal shifts.

31. Sexual self-definition is comprised of three aspects:
A) possible self, gender self, and sexual self.
B) patterns of behavior, patterns of thoughts, and patterns of intimacy.
C) gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation.
D) values, expression, and societal expectations.

32. Metacognition refers to:
A) better problem-solving strategies.
B) better problem-solving abilities.
C) thinking about one's thinking processes.
D) considering multiple alternatives.

33. Which of the following factors have the greatest influence on whether or not children thrive in a blended family?
A) the ethnicity of the parents and children
B) the education level and SES of the parents
C) how well the children get along and the quality of their education
D) the SES and emotional security of the parents

34. Authoritarian parents:
A) are affectionate with their children and often praise them.
B) allow children to question their decisions but punish misconduct.
C) seem aloof from their children.
D) make few maturity demands on their children.

35. Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but is not intended to harm is called:
A) bullying play.
B) sociodramatic play.
C) parallel play.
D) rough-and-tumble play.

36. Extensive neural myelination allows:
A) sensory neurons to carry messages faster than motor neurons.
B) the normal brain to correct errors made in the genetic code for autism.
C) academic intelligence to develop.
D) automatization to improve.

37. Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to direct his focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. This ability is known as:
A) automatization.
B) decentration.
C) transduction.
D) selective attention.

38. A criticism of high-stakes testing is that:
A) standards of learning are not raised high enough.
B) it destroys learning with its focus on test scores.
C) it is not conducted often enough to truly raise standards.
D) it must begin in kindergarten to be effective in high school.

39. Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as:
A) top-down reasoning.
B) theoretical reasoning.
C) concrete reasoning.
D) inductive reasoning.

40. If high schools want to decrease the incidence of violence, they should:
A) install metal detectors.
B) plan regular police patrols.
C) set clear standards of student behavior.
D) offer activities that are focused exclusively on academics.

41. Increased cognitive flexibility, linguistic ability, and social awareness make it possible for school-age children to:
A) create poetry.
B) understand jokes and metaphors.
C) understand parody.
D) create irony.

42. The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and somehow remains unscathed in the process is called:
A) buoyant.
B) resilient.
C) parasympathetic.
D) unflappable.

43. Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are:
A) ethnic differences and low income.
B) low income and high conflict.
C) high stress and high income.
D) religious differences and low income.

44. According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to:
A) abandon parental goals.
B) form a coherent identity.
C) attain independence from the peer group.
D) form an intimate relationship with a member of the other sex.

45. Whether adolescents stay in school or drop out is strongly influenced by their:
A) need for employment.
B) level of intelligence.
C) experience in middle school.
D) hormonal shifts.

46. The DSM-IV-R is a manual for:
A) comparing schools on compliance with laws regarding special education in the United States.
B) diagnosing mental disorders.
C) educating children with special needs.
D) None of the answers is correct.

47. The approximate percentage of school-age children living in a two-parent (husband and wife) family is:
A) 26 percent.
B) 48 percent.
C) 56 percent.
D) 67 percent.

48. According to Erikson, which of the following aids a young child in demonstrating initiative?
A) a longer attention span resulting from neurological maturity
B) a certain amount of guilt and shame
C) strong feelings of competence
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

49. Excessive guilt, shame, or sense of worthlessness constitutes which of the following?
A) extrinsic motivations
B) intrinsic motivations
C) internalizing problems
D) externalizing problems

50. Which of the following is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls?
A) seriously considering attempting suicide
B) parasuicide
C) completed suicide
D) foiled suicide

51. Which of the following STI's can increase the risk of uterine cancer?
A) human papilloma virus
B) AIDS
C) syphilis
D) chlamydia

52. Piaget believed that between the ages of 2 and 6, it is difficult for children to think:
A) subjectively.
B) egocentrically.
C) logically.
D) abstractly.

53. Erikson's stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age is called:
A) initiative versus guilt.
B) phallic pride versus penis envy.
C) the preoperational stage.
D) autonomy versus inferiority.

54. The growth spurt typically occurs during puberty in the following order:
A) weight, height, muscle.
B) weight, muscle, height.
C) height, weight, muscle.
D) muscle, height, weight.

55. During the latency stage, children:
A) develop sexual feelings toward their opposite-sex peers.
B) seek to establish their identity.
C) attempt to learn self-control.
D) assimilate cultural values.

56. An adolescence-limited offender is someone who:
A) attacks only adolescents.
B) stops committing crimes by adulthood.
C) is never arrested.
D) is a juvenile delinquent.

57. Children usually prefer to play with:
A) their peers.
B) their parents.
C) children who are older than they are.
D) their older siblings.

58. Kohlberg measured morality by:
A) determining what people felt was right or wrong.
B) analyzing how people reason about what is right and wrong.
C) watching how people behave in morally ambivalent situations.
D) analyzing the words people choose when explaining their answers.

59. Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent girls is affected by clinical depression.
A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 100

60. In general, as children become adolescents, their feelings of competence:
A) rise.
B) decline.
C) rise then decline.
D) remain stable.

61. Aptitude tests are designed to measure:
A) how much has been learned.
B) potential for learning.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities.

62. Which of the following behaviors seems to reduce the risk of an adolescent developing an eating disorder?
A) genetic testing
B) vitamin supplementation
C) the family sharing meals together
D) exercise

63. A drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person is called:
A) extensive motivation.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) internal drive.

64. According to Erikson, the identity status characterized by not questioning and no commitment is:
A) achievement.
B) foreclosure.
C) diffusion.
D) moratorium.

65. Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on which of the following?
A) a child's sense of belonging to the family unit
B) a child's sense of shame
C) a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
D) a child's sense of fear toward the parents

66. What is the most widely used drug prevention program in the U.S. schools?
A) Project CODE
B) Project ALERT
C) Project DARE
D) Project QUIT

67. Which of the following learning disabilities is difficult to diagnose and is characterized by unusual difficulty with reading?
A) dyslexia
B) ADHD
C) autism
D) hyperactive reading disorder

68. The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is:
A) Veru, who is disliked by most children because she is so uncooperative.
B) Theresa, who is popular but hated by many children.
C) Greg, who is ignored by most children.
D) Maher, who changes friends often.

69. The still-developing prefrontal cortex and the full development of the limbic system are at least partially responsible for:
A) the passion and commitment with which adolescents and young adults embrace nontraditional ideas.
B) the apathy and boredom with life found in many of today's adolescents.
C) the narcissism of adolescence.
D) the steadfast discipline found in young athletes.

70. Most likely, autism is caused by:
A) genetic factors alone.
B) parents' early child-care methods.
C) genetic vulnerability coupled with other factors.
D) uncaring, cold parents, especially the mother.

71. Ideally, before having sex, teenagers would discuss the risks of pregnancy and STIs, but in reality only about ______ of them have these discussions.
A) one-tenth
B) a third
C) one-quarter
D) half

72. The period when children's bodies become adultlike is called:
A) the growth spurt.
B) secondary sex development.
C) puberty.
D) youth.

73. For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is:
A) growth of the testes; initial pubic-hair growth; growth of the penis; spermarche.
B) growth of the testes; growth of the penis; initial pubic-hair growth; spermarche.
C) spermarche; growth of the testes; growth of the penis; initial pubic-hair growth.
D) initial pubic-hair growth; growth of the testes; spermarche; growth of the penis.

74. Changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty include:
A) pubic hair and underarm hair start to grow.
B) height increases rapidly.
C) the uterus and the testes begin to grow.
D) a beard begins to grow.

75. Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:
A) formal operational thought.
B) the game of thinking.
C) metacognition.
D) concrete operational thinking.

76. Klaczynski's studies of younger and older adolescents' analytical thinking indicated that:
A) younger adolescents were rarely logical, whereas older adolescents were nearly always logical.
B) individuals who were analytical on some problems were analytical on all problems.
C) most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities would allow.
D) younger adolescents were more biased toward dismissing research that was contrary to their own beliefs.

77. According to Dunphy, which of the following describes the sequence of heterosexual relationships during childhood and adolescence?
A) formation of couples with private intimacies, groups of same-sex friends, public interactions within a crowd of mixed-sex groups, small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
B) groups of same-sex friends, public interactions within a crowd of mixed-sex groups, small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd, formation of couples with private intimacies
C) groups of same-sex friends, public interactions within a crowd of same-sex groups, small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd, formation of couples with private intimacies
D) groups of opposite-sex friends, private interactions within a crowd of mixed-sex groups, small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd, formation of couples with private intimacies

78. Achievement tests are designed to measure:
A) how much has been learned.
B) potential for accomplishment.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities.

79. Because of the obsession with body image during adolescence, girls may ingest ______ and boys may take ______.
A) steroids; diet pills
B) estrogen supplements; testosterone supplements
C) salt; sugar
D) diet pills; steroids

80. According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?
A) conservation
B) abstract reasoning
C) logic
D) egocentrism

81. The memory system in which signals are held for less than a second, yet long enough for one to process them further, is:
A) the short-term memory system.
B) the working memory.
C) the sensory memory.
D) the holding memory.

82. What is the name of the hormone which is high at the onset of puberty and affects appetite, especially in girls?
A) estrogen
B) cortisol
C) lipids
D) leptin

83. Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is:
A) rigid and controlling.
B) part of a warm, supportive relationship.
C) relaxed and permissive.
D) part of authoritarian parenting.

84. Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old is in the:
A) latency stage.
B) phallic stage.
C) genital stage.
D) superego stage.

85. Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:
A) family structures.
B) measurements of family harmony.
C) functions of a family.
D) suggestions for stress resilience.

86. The idea in Western cultures that a certain amount of adolescent rebellion is considered normal and perhaps even healthy possibly reflects a:
A) cultural mandate.
B) social construction.
C) culturally dependent contrivance.
D) social fallacy.

87. For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is:
A) menarche, the growth spurt, and the beginning of breast development.
B) the beginning of breast development, the growth spurt, and menarche.
C) the growth spurt, menarche, and the beginning of breast development.
D) the growth spurt, the beginning of breast development, and menarche.

88. Piaget called cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 ______ intelligence.
A) operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) symbiotic

89. The correlation between obesity in parents and obesity in their children tends to be:
A) nonexistent.
B) negative.
C) positive.
D) neutral.

90. The most effective sex education programs begin:
A) before high school.
B) in college.
C) in the junior year of high school.
D) in late adolescence.

91. When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 7 to 11, you see that:
A) children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood.
B) children grow faster than they did in early childhood.
C) the rate is about the same from ages 2 to 12.
D) children have a tremendous growth spurt during the school years.

92. An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:
A) psychopathology.
B) craziness.
C) insanity.
D) mental disturbance.

93. By age ______, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.
A) 6
B) 8
C) 2
D) 4

94. To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in:
A) magical thinking.
B) static reasoning.
C) centration.
D) a focus on appearances only.

95. During middle school, social relationships among students:
A) remain as stable as they were in elementary school.
B) flourish due to the increased number of students.
C) deteriorate due to the increased number of students.
D) become secondary to academics.

96. The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents':
A) ability to understand how others perceive them.
B) false belief that everyone is constantly attending to their behavior and appearance.
C) constant posing and posturing before mirrors.
D) belief that others spy on them.

97. Freud believed that preschool boys:
A) are openly angry with their fathers.
B) secretly want to replace their fathers.
C) disrespect their mothers.
D) believe their fathers are perfect.

98. John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers when called on in class. This is because John understands the:
A) metacognitive aspects of intellect.
B) pragmatics of his language.
C) automatized view of social interaction.
D) control processes of regulation.

99. Which of the following attributes is typical of school-age children?
A) They engage in social comparison.
B) They do not try to control their emotions.
C) They rely less on appreciation from peers and parents.
D) They have little sense of loyalty.

100. Impulsiveness and perseveration are the same in that they both represent:
A) an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex.
B) emotional control issues.
C) an underdeveloped temporal cortex.
D) bad parenting.

101. In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:
A) what the stressor is.
B) how many other stressors are present.
C) whether the stress is economic.
D) whether the stressor affects other siblings too.

102. When one assesses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers, one is engaging in:
A) peer evaluation.
B) cultural normalization.
C) social comparison.
D) parental assessment.

103. Asperger syndrome is a specific type of autistic ______ disorder.
A) connective
B) enhancement
C) spectrum
D) comorbid

104. Most adolescents need a bridge in their transition from childhood to young adulthood, easing the shift from childish behaviors to more independent ones. This bridge is generally provided by:
A) a romantic partner.
B) permissive parents.
C) favorite teachers.
D) cliques and crowds.

105. The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is:
A) learning when and how to make friends.
B) learning when and how to make moral decisions.
C) learning when and how to express emotions.
D) learning when and how to make decisions.

106. An example of antisocial behavior is:
A) Jamie tries to share his toys with Jill.
B) Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.
C) Holly watches while other children are playing jump rope.
D) Courtney helps her mom rake the leaves.

107. A characteristic of adolescent egocentrism is:
A) the belief that all people think the same thoughts.
B) the controlling of the id and the superego by the ego.
C) the belief that one's emotional experiences are misunderstood by others.
D) an attempt to live up to the standards of society.

108. One of the worst effects of the media on children is:
A) the effects of violence on their behavior.
B) the interference with family life, language development, and emotional regulation.
C) manipulative advertising, and resulting behaviors.
D) distorted cartoon images.

109. One of the major differences in brain development that distinguishes middle childhood is the development of:
A) lateralization.
B) myelination.
C) automatization.
D) left-right coordination.

110. The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as:
A) identity diffusion.
B) role confusion.
C) negative identity.
D) moratorium.

111. An unintended consequence of high-stakes testing is:
A) higher school achievement.
B) higher reports of school satisfaction.
C) increased high school dropout rates.
D) increased high school graduation rates.

112. A great deal of parental interference and control is a strong predictor of:
A) a well-behaved adolescent.
B) adolescent depression.
C) adolescent achievement.
D) closeness with parents.

113. The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the:
A) limbic system.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) frontal lobe.
D) corpus callosum.

114. The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the:
A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) ovaries or testes.

115. The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt a normal person is referred to as:
A) the invincibility fable.
B) a personal fable.
C) an imaginary audience.
D) deductive reasoning.

116. The Electra complex causes girls to:
A) resent their father because he has a penis.
B) adore their father and resent their mother.
C) prefer their mother to their father.
D) try to make peace when parents fight.

117. The first hormones to begin the process of puberty are triggered in the child's:
A) adrenal glands.
B) brain.
C) gonads.
D) penis or uterus.

118. Thinking about one idea at a time, ignoring other ideas, is known as:
A) centration.
B) animism.
C) conservation.
D) egocentrism.

119. The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg's stage of preconventional morality is:
A) the sensorimotor period.
B) the preoperational stage.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.

120. The sequence of hormone production that originates in the brain and ends with glands located atop the kidneys is known as the:
A) HAG pathway.
B) HAP pathway.
C) HPG axis.
D) HPA axis.

121. Which of the following statements is true regarding condom use?
A) Most parents assume that their adolescent children know how to use a condom.
B) Most contemporary adolescents know how to use a condom properly.
C) Religious parents are consistently less likely to teach their sons about condom use than are nonreligious parents.
D) Condom use is higher among adolescents than among older adults.

122. Symptoms of maltreatment include:
A) an “out-of-body” feeling.
B) hypervigilance.
C) hypo-manic reactions.
D) depersonalization.

123. Aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called:
A) bullying.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) reactive aggression.
D) personal aggression.

124. Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because:
A) his “universal” stages do not reflect liberal, Western values.
B) his theory doesn't emphasize stages strongly enough.
C) the theory is seen as not taking into account cultural differences.
D) the theory emphasizes differences between men and women.

125. Which of the following has the largest impact on whether adolescent sexual discovery and exploration is healthy and enjoyable or shameful and frightening?
A) sex hormones
B) brain function
C) culture and social context
D) the adolescent's gender

126. Gender identity refers to ______, while sexual orientation refers to ______.
A) self-definition as male or female; erotic desires
B) erotic desires; self-definition as male or female
C) chosen gender role; homosexuality
D) heterosexuality; homosexuality

127. The four dimensions of parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and:
A) physical contact.
B) expectations for maturity.
C) trust.
D) supportiveness.

128. Vygotsky's theory includes the idea of:
A) young children as “apprentices in thinking.”
B) discovery learning.
C) prescribed curriculum.
D) observation but not participation in children's learning.

129. The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that processes:
A) language.
B) the execution of small motor skills.
C) memory.
D) body temperature.

130. Which of the following is the most frequently reported STI?
A) chlamydia
B) gonorrhea
C) genital herpes
D) AIDS

131. To teach a child a second language through explicit instruction, the most effective approach is to start during:
A) infancy.
B) middle childhood, about age 7.
C) early adolescence, about age 12.
D) adolescence, about age 15.

132. A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
A) fast-mapping.
B) word mapping.
C) mental language.
D) word charting.

133. Of the different types of aggression, the most destructive and threatening is:
A) instrumental aggression.
B) reactive aggression.
C) bullying aggression.
D) relational aggression.

134. In which of the following relationships are you likely to find the most bickering?
A) grandparents and teens
B) mothers and daughters
C) adolescents and older siblings
D) fathers and sons

135. Which of the following is a contributor to the decline in neighborhood play among children?
A) city parks
B) “stranger danger”
C) parental obesity
D) organized sports

136. Child sexual abuse is most common in children ages:
A) under 5.
B) 5–9.
C) 18 and over.
D) 12–15.

137. Writing your name is a ______, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) ______.
A) sensorimotor skill; preoperational skill
B) physical skill; cognitive skill
C) coordination skill; inter-coordination skill
D) fine motor skill; gross motor skill

138. The hormone that causes the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone is:
A) growth hormone.
B) follicle-stimulating hormone.
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
D) cortisol.

139. In adolescence, changes in the heart and lungs include:
A) greater lung capacity.
B) increased heart rate.
C) the heart tripling in size.
D) the lungs doubling in weight.

140. For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as ______ years or as late as ______ years.
A) 5; 18
B) 7; 16
C) 8; 14
D) 10; 13

141. Family conflict and stress:
A) may cause the early onset of puberty.
B) may cause the late onset of puberty.
C) typically increase after puberty.
D) typically decrease after puberty.

142. Children's “increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control” all contribute to their sense of:
A) conservation.
B) peer values.
C) autonomy.
D) egocentrism.

143. Anna Freud would describe adolescent rebellion and defiance as:
A) signifying a developmental delay.
B) normal.
C) problematic.
D) evidence of being stuck in the latency period.

144. Theorists who support a focus on children's understanding as opposed to observable behavior are:
A) sociocultural theorists.
B) psychoanalytic theorists.
C) behavioral theorists.
D) cognitive theorists.

145. Spotting warning signs of abuse, such as slow weight gain and insecure, disorganized attachment, is associated with:
A) initial prevention.
B) primary prevention.
C) secondary prevention.
D) tertiary prevention.

146. Suicidal ideation is more common in:
A) boys than in girls.
B) older adolescents than in younger adolescents.
C) girls than in boys.
D) adults than in adolescents.

147. Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to:
A) focus on something other than appearances.
B) use deductive reasoning to solve a problem.
C) be unable to think backwards from a conclusion to the beginning.
D) engage in centration when another solution is needed.

148. The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is:
A) myelination.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the prefrontal cortex.
D) the axon cord.

149. According to statistics regarding substantiated cases of child maltreatment, about 1 out of every ______ children age 2-5 years is maltreated each year.
A) 45
B) 70
C) 125
D) 360

150. According to Vygotsky, language is a tool:
A) to make oneself understood.
B) to regulate behavior.
C) to advance thought.
D) of self-expression.

151. Adolescent egocentrism is evident when teenagers believe:
A) their own ethnic group is superior to others.
B) they personally are much more socially significant than they actually are.
C) they receive adequate attention from their family and friends.
D) their generation is similar to previous generations.

152. Identify the prosocial behavior:
A) Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter.
B) Selena helps her mother so that her mother will take her to the park.
C) Jana says “please” when asking her mother for the car keys.
D) Beth feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

153. Deductive reasoning is also referred to as:
A) top-down reasoning.
B) theoretical reasoning.
C) concrete reasoning.
D) reductive reasoning.

154. Parasuicide refers to:
A) any self-destructive behavior.
B) the serious consideration of suicide as an option.
C) a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death.
D) assisting someone else in the act of suicide.

155. Both the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler are:
A) intelligence scales.
B) performed entirely with pencil and paper.
C) achievement tests.
D) used only for children born in the United States.

156. Girls who bully typically:
A) use threats of force.
B) mock and ridicule their victim.
C) are larger than average in size.
D) have older sisters who are aggressive.

157. According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
A) interact with a mentor to accomplish a task.
B) is told instructions for a task only once.
C) is allowed to discover the solution to a task on his or her own.
D) be assisted by an adult until the child can perform the task well on his own.

158. Parents' awareness of where their children are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as:
A) parental monitoring.
B) generational stake.
C) control.
D) connectedness.

159. Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than other peoples'. This is part of their:
A) personal fable.
B) post-operational thought.
C) moral reasoning.
D) invincibility fable.

160. Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who are:
A) abusive.
B) over-controlling.
C) authoritarian.
D) permissive.

161. When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting pattern is:
A) tyrannical.
B) authoritative.
C) dictatorial.
D) authoritarian.

162. Drug use before the age of ______ is the best predictor of later drug use.
A) 18
B) 10
C) 21
D) 12

163. Being overweight means having a body mass index (BMI) above the ______ percentile of growth charts; obese means having a BMI above the ______ percentile.
A) 85th; 95th
B) 75th; 85th
C) 70th; 90th
D) 80th; 90th

164. A retrospective study of homosexual men demonstrated that, on average, they first became aware of their sexual interests at age ______ and told people at age ______.
A) 8; 12
B) 9; 25
C) 11; 11
D) 11; 17

165. Which of the following is one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?
A) personal play
B) disturbed play
C) parallel play
D) practical play

166. A major coping measure that helps children and families deal with problems and stress is:
A) social support.
B) a stress-resilient nature.
C) a naturalized mentor.
D) psychological denial.

167. Which of the following is one of the four aspects of closeness within the family listed in the text?
A) awareness
B) reasonable curfews
C) family size
D) support