Mt St Helens Research Paper
The United States contains in its history the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the lower forty-eight states. When Mount St. Helen's erupted, the effects were seen by many, and scientists were fascinated with learning about the volcano. Much research was conducted looking into the economic, ecological, and personal aspects of the eruption. Mount St. Helens proves to be a memorable landmark to all Americans and still a source of fascination today for a variety of persons. Mount Saint Helens, an active stratovolcano, is located in southwest Washington State. The volcano erupted on May 18th, 1980 at 8:32 a.m. The eruption was triggered by a 5.1 earthquake centered beneath the mountain (Mount). People 200 miles away later said they heard a thunderous roar (St.). Mount St. Helens was 9,677 feet high before the eruption and 8,363 after (Eruption). Because of the eruption, the largest landslide in recorded history swept down the mountain as speeds of 70 to 150 miles per hour and buried the North Fork
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of the Toutle River under and average of 150 feet of debris (Mount). The lateral blast swept out of the north side of the mountain at 300 miles per hour devastating a fan-shaped area 23 miles across and 19 miles long. About 230 square miles of forest were knocked down within an 8-mile inner-fan area, and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow-down zone. The snow on the mountain that was not instantly flashed to steam by the heat melted and formed large mudflows that destroyed 27 bridges, 200 homes, 185 miles of roadway, and 15 miles of railway. The massive as cloud rose above the mountain to 80,000 feet in 15 minutes and reached the east coast in three days (Eruption).
Tragically, there were 57 deaths as a result of the eruption (Mount). Of these, 21 of the bodies were never found (Eruption). The event was the most deadly volcanic eruption in the United States. 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. Jimmy Carter, United States President at the time, was quoted as saying, "the area looks more desolate than a moonscape." St. Helen's released an amount of energy equivalent to 27,000 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs and ejected more than 1 cubic mile of material (Eruption). Early estimates of the cost of the eruption ranged from $2-3 billion, but a refined estimate of $1.1 billion was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of Congress.
This does not even include the money for personal property losses, the cost of ash clean-up, or the loss of tourism in the area immediately after. A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress, of which the larges share went to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption with unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rising tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption. Counties in the region began funding mental health programs to assist residents who reported suffering stress and emotional problems even after coping successfully during the crisis
(Eruption). The ecological community was fascinated with the results of the eruption. Scientists surveying the devastated landscape right after the eruption were awed by how dead tree snags and fallen logs provided invaluable refuge for the surviving plants and animals while also serving as base stations for colonizing species. This observation even had an effect on Pacific Northwest loggers who began engaging in "variable retention harvesting" where they leave as much woody debris on the ground as possible to aid natural restoration (Learning). Now thickets of trees shelter a growing number of animals and Spirit Lake, which is still choked with trees that were shattered when the volcano erupted, supports an abundant frog, salamander, and fish population. Mount St. Helens' ecosystems are beginning to rebound more rapidly now than ever before and willow trees are densely packed and the first Douglas fir trees to re-grow are finally bearing cones. Montane shrews and Pacific jumping mice have returned to the area (Erupting). Today the volcano is rumbling again, and to some people such as Jim Nieland, a recreation p lanner for Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, there's a sense of familiarity as groups of tourists come to the mountain. However, scientists say that the latest round of steam explosions will not result in a major eruption like 1980's (St.). The volcano is unpredictable, and scientists keep a close eye on Mount St. Helens. In March of this year, a small eruption was explained as part of a dome-building exercise that began in September with hundreds of tiny earthquakes and steam and ash emissions. Carolyn Driedger, a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington says this is very common in volcanoes and that is doesn't mean a major eruption will occur (Helens). After the eruption in 1980, minor eruptions continued until 1985 (Mount). The volcano now appears to be in a long process of rebuilding after the little activity since then. The lava dome of Mount St. Helens has more than doubled in size since November of 2004 (Helens).
of the Toutle River under and average of 150 feet of debris (Mount). The lateral blast swept out of the north side of the mountain at 300 miles per hour devastating a fan-shaped area 23 miles across and 19 miles long. About 230 square miles of forest were knocked down within an 8-mile inner-fan area, and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow-down zone. The snow on the mountain that was not instantly flashed to steam by the heat melted and formed large mudflows that destroyed 27 bridges, 200 homes, 185 miles of roadway, and 15 miles of railway. The massive as cloud rose above the mountain to 80,000 feet in 15 minutes and reached the east coast in three days (Eruption).
Tragically, there were 57 deaths as a result of the eruption (Mount). Of these, 21 of the bodies were never found (Eruption). The event was the most deadly volcanic eruption in the United States. 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. Jimmy Carter, United States President at the time, was quoted as saying, "the area looks more desolate than a moonscape." St. Helen's released an amount of energy equivalent to 27,000 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs and ejected more than 1 cubic mile of material (Eruption). Early estimates of the cost of the eruption ranged from $2-3 billion, but a refined estimate of $1.1 billion was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of Congress.
This does not even include the money for personal property losses, the cost of ash clean-up, or the loss of tourism in the area immediately after. A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress, of which the larges share went to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption with unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rising tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption. Counties in the region began funding mental health programs to assist residents who reported suffering stress and emotional problems even after coping successfully during the crisis
(Eruption). The ecological community was fascinated with the results of the eruption. Scientists surveying the devastated landscape right after the eruption were awed by how dead tree snags and fallen logs provided invaluable refuge for the surviving plants and animals while also serving as base stations for colonizing species. This observation even had an effect on Pacific Northwest loggers who began engaging in "variable retention harvesting" where they leave as much woody debris on the ground as possible to aid natural restoration (Learning). Now thickets of trees shelter a growing number of animals and Spirit Lake, which is still choked with trees that were shattered when the volcano erupted, supports an abundant frog, salamander, and fish population. Mount St. Helens' ecosystems are beginning to rebound more rapidly now than ever before and willow trees are densely packed and the first Douglas fir trees to re-grow are finally bearing cones. Montane shrews and Pacific jumping mice have returned to the area (Erupting). Today the volcano is rumbling again, and to some people such as Jim Nieland, a recreation p lanner for Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, there's a sense of familiarity as groups of tourists come to the mountain. However, scientists say that the latest round of steam explosions will not result in a major eruption like 1980's (St.). The volcano is unpredictable, and scientists keep a close eye on Mount St. Helens. In March of this year, a small eruption was explained as part of a dome-building exercise that began in September with hundreds of tiny earthquakes and steam and ash emissions. Carolyn Driedger, a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington says this is very common in volcanoes and that is doesn't mean a major eruption will occur (Helens). After the eruption in 1980, minor eruptions continued until 1985 (Mount). The volcano now appears to be in a long process of rebuilding after the little activity since then. The lava dome of Mount St. Helens has more than doubled in size since November of 2004 (Helens).