NAC 955: Introduction To Financial Management
Introduction to Financial Management
FIN 254 (Assignment)
Spring 2014 (Due on 24th April 10-11.00 AM)
AT NAC 955
1. You have recently started working with a new company and have been having discussions with your employer’s superannuation consultants about providing for your retirement. You plan to retire 35 years from today, which is 1st October 2008. After discussions with the consultants you agree that you should plan for an income of $80,000 per year for a period of 20 years. You plan to retire on 1st October 2043 but will use your accumulated long service and annual leave payments for the first three years of your retirement and receive the first of the 20 annual retirement payments of $80,000 on 1st October 2046.
During your …show more content…
term of employment you will make annual contributions into the superannuation fund with the first contribution occurring on 1st October 2009 and the last on 1st October 2043. If the superannuation fund expects to earn 12% per year over the next 60 years what is the size of the annual contribution that you must make into the fund to provide the annual retirement payments. (Show all workings).
Answer:
This is just a simple annuity question. What we are given is the future value, FV = $80 000. The length of time, n = 35 years and the superannuation fund expects to earn 12% per year, i = 12%.
So what we are trying to find is the annual contribution. Now if you had a financial calculator this would be very simple, if you do not this is the formula:
Hence, FV = C [(1+i) ^n -1] i
We fill in our given values and solve for C.
$80 000 = C [(1.12) ^35 - 1] 0.12
C = $12870.11
Therefore the amount of the annual contribution is $12870.11
2. from the operations of Smart Computer Company (SCC), a business selling personal computers. The following ratios and information have been extracted from the company’s books.
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Currents Assets
220
203
198
190
236
Total Assets
1220
1203
1198
1190
1235
Sales
1000
950
855
770
615
Profit after tax
157
146
124
105
67
Ratios
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Current Ratio
5.2
4.6
3.9
3.3
2.6
Quick Ratio
3.2
2.6
1.9
1.3
0.6
Inventory
7
6.5
5.0
4.0
2.0
8
9
10
12
15
Debt to equity
.47
.45
.43
.41
.43
Return on Assets
12.9
12.12
10.4
8.8
5.4
Return on Equity
19.7
18.3
15.6
13.1
8.4
Turnover
Receivables
Turnover
A) How SCC’s has inventory turnover ratio performed over the period 2004 to 2008?
Answer:
Smart Computer Company had performed in actual fact imperfectly. Because SCC had achieved very fewer inventory ratio over the year. As we know low inventory turnover ratio is a signal of inefficiency, since inventory usually has a rate of return of zero. A low turnover rate can indicate poor liquidity, possible overstocking, and obsolescence. A high inventory turnover ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying. It can indicate better liquidity, but it can also indicate a shortage or inadequate inventory levels, which may lead to a loss in business.
So, for SCC it is pretty bad impact in inventory level.
B) How SCC’s has Accounts receivable turnover ratio performed over the period 2004 to 2008?
According to account receivables turnover ratio I see Smart Computer Company accomplished very fastidious turnover over the year. They did in reality superior in terms of account receivables turnover. This turnover increased over the year and year with well-bred size.
Because we know, Accounts receivable turnover measures the efficiency of a business in collecting its credit sales.
Generally a high value of accounts receivable turnover is favorable and lower figure may indicate inefficiency in collecting outstanding sales. Increase in accounts receivable turnover overtime generally indicates improvement in the process of cash collection on credit sales.
However, a normal level of receivables turnover is different for different industries. Also, very high values of this ratio may not be favorable, if achieved by extremely strict credit terms since such policies may repel potential buyers.
C) From the information and ratios above give some brief comments on SCC’s operations particularly in relation to current asset management?
SCC makes mediocre position what current ratio said.
Over the year and year it’s really close with poorer figure. Since we know the ratio is mainly used to give an idea of the company's ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, receivables). The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its obligations. A ratio under 1 suggests that …show more content…
the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. While this shows the company is not in good financial health, it does not necessarily mean that it will go bankrupt - as there are many ways to access financing - but it is definitely not a good sign.
Current ratio below 1 shows critical liquidity problems because it means that total current liabilities exceed total current assets.
Abnormally high value of current ratio may indicate existence of idle or underutilized resources in the company.
Basically SCC act upon in reality very shocking regard as on overall performance when I see my eyes on ROA ratio. Over the year and year it’s going down. Because increased ROA indicates improved performance. The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investors an idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to invest into net income. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more money on less investment.
This is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. For this reason, the ratio excludes inventories from current assets. The quick ratio measures the dollar amount of liquid assets available for each dollar of current liabilities. Thus, a quick ratio (of 1.5) means that
a company has $1.50 of liquid assets available to cover each $1 of current liabilities. The higher the ratio, the better it (company's liquidity position) is.
So it was really well in beginning year. But year by year it’s decreasing as results their liquidity assets going down.
3. The WOKO Company has complied the following data related with its capital structure plus additional information on its capital structure instruments.
Type of Finance
Book value
Debentures
$10 million
7%, $10 Preference Shares
$5 million
4 million, $2 Ordinary Shares
$8 million
1. WOKO issued the debentures 10 years ago. Each debenture has a face value of $100,000 and they have another 20 years before they mature. Interest is paid yearly at a rate of 13% pa.
Currently a $100,000 debenture is trading in the market at a yield of 9% pa.
2. The preference shares pay a fixed dividend of 7% and are selling in the market at $6.50.
3. WOKO’s Ordinary shares have a beta of 1.2. The current return on the market portfolio is
11% and return on Government debt is 4.5%. The ordinary shares are trading at $2.25
a) What is the market value of debentures? (1 mark)
Answer:
$100*100000 debenture=$10 million
b) What is the market value of preference shares? (1/2 mark)
Answer:
$10*5 million=50 million
c) What is the market value of equity? (1/2 mark)
Answer:
$2*4 million=$8 million
d) What is the current market required rate of return on preference shares? (1 mark)
The current market required rate of return on preference shares:
Given, dp =7%
Dp =10*7%=.7
Np=6.50
kp=(Dp/Np)*100
= (.7/6.50)*100
=10.78%
e) What is the current market required rate of return on ordinary shares? (1 mark)
The current market required rate of return on ordinary share:
Given, krf=4.5%,
Km=11%,
Beta= 1.2,
So, Kr= (krf+ (km-krf)*beta) *100
= (.045+ (.11-.045)*1.2)100
=12.3%
f) What is the weighted average cost of capital for WOKO if the company tax rate is
30%? (1 mark)
Cost of debenture
Given, n=20years
M= 100,000
Nd=109000
c= 13%
C= 100000*13%= 13000
Cost of Debenture: kd= C+ (M-Nd)/n
M+Nd
2
=13000+ (100000-109000)/20
= 100,000+109000
2
= 12.00%
Hence, WACC= WD*KD (1-t) +WP*KP (1-t) +WE*KE (1-t)
= 43.48%*12.00% (1-.30) +21.74%*10.78% (1-.30) +34.78%*12.3% (1-.30)
= 43.48%*8.40%+21.74%*7.55%+34.78%*8.61%
= 3.65%+1.64%+2.99%
= 8.28%.
4. One star Productions is looking at two mutually exclusive investment proposals. One star has been using a payback period of three years for its investment projects and a new Chief Financial
Officer has said that One Star should be using a required rate of return of 14%. The two projects cash flows are set out below using this information answer the following questions:
Project
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Alpha
-20,000
Nil
25,000
Nil
-5000
Omega
-30,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
30,000
a. Using the payback method calculates the payback for each project and which project would you select using the payback method?
#Payback period for Project Alpha
= 1 year+ 20000/25000*12 month
= 1 year 9.6 month
= 1 year 9 month 18 days
#Payback period for Project Omega = 3 year+ 15000/30000*12 month
= 3 year 6 month
However, I am going to invest my money on Project Alpha. Because I will get back my initial capital swiftly rather investing on Project Omega. But for long time like year four project alpha will be hammering project rather than project omega. After 3 year project alpha will be appear some sort of loss amount but project omega won’t.
b. Using the NPV method, calculate the NPV of each project and which project would you select using the NPV method?
Project
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Alpha
-20,000
Nil
25,000
Nil
-5000
Omega
-30,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
30,000
Rate of return of 14%
#Net Present Value for Project Alpha
= -20000+0/ (1+.14) ^1+25000 / (1+.14) ^2+ 0/ (1+.14) ^3-5000/ (1+.14) ^4
= -20000+0+16874.29+0-2960.40
= -6086.11
#Net Present Value for Project Omega
= -30000+5000/ (1+.14) ^1+5000/ (1+.14) ^2+5000/ (1+.14) ^3+30000/ (1+.14) ^4
= -30000+4385.96+3847.34+3374.86+17762.41
= -629.43
After using NPV method Project Omega is far better than Project Alpha. Since NPV for Project
Alpha is too high negative return whereas Project Omega has lower negative return.
c. Give one reason why you would not use the payback period as a selection method for investment decisions.
Answer:
I am never going to invest following payback period method. There are some considerable predicaments in payback period.
Firstly, Payback ignores the time value of money. That’s why for long time it will show loss. Ultimately it has.
Secondly, Payback ignores cash flows beyond the payback period, thereby ignoring the
"effectiveness" of a project.
Finally, Pay back period gives high emphasis on liquidity and ignores profitability.
FIN 254 (Assignment)
Spring 2014 (Due on 24th April 10-11.00 AM)
AT NAC 955
1. You have recently started working with a new company and have been having discussions with your employer’s superannuation consultants about providing for your retirement. You plan to retire 35 years from today, which is 1st October 2008. After discussions with the consultants you agree that you should plan for an income of $80,000 per year for a period of 20 years. You plan to retire on 1st October 2043 but will use your accumulated long service and annual leave payments for the first three years of your retirement and receive the first of the 20 annual retirement payments of $80,000 on 1st October 2046.
During your …show more content…
term of employment you will make annual contributions into the superannuation fund with the first contribution occurring on 1st October 2009 and the last on 1st October 2043. If the superannuation fund expects to earn 12% per year over the next 60 years what is the size of the annual contribution that you must make into the fund to provide the annual retirement payments. (Show all workings).
Answer:
This is just a simple annuity question. What we are given is the future value, FV = $80 000. The length of time, n = 35 years and the superannuation fund expects to earn 12% per year, i = 12%.
So what we are trying to find is the annual contribution. Now if you had a financial calculator this would be very simple, if you do not this is the formula:
Hence, FV = C [(1+i) ^n -1] i
We fill in our given values and solve for C.
$80 000 = C [(1.12) ^35 - 1] 0.12
C = $12870.11
Therefore the amount of the annual contribution is $12870.11
2. from the operations of Smart Computer Company (SCC), a business selling personal computers. The following ratios and information have been extracted from the company’s books.
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Currents Assets
220
203
198
190
236
Total Assets
1220
1203
1198
1190
1235
Sales
1000
950
855
770
615
Profit after tax
157
146
124
105
67
Ratios
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Current Ratio
5.2
4.6
3.9
3.3
2.6
Quick Ratio
3.2
2.6
1.9
1.3
0.6
Inventory
7
6.5
5.0
4.0
2.0
8
9
10
12
15
Debt to equity
.47
.45
.43
.41
.43
Return on Assets
12.9
12.12
10.4
8.8
5.4
Return on Equity
19.7
18.3
15.6
13.1
8.4
Turnover
Receivables
Turnover
A) How SCC’s has inventory turnover ratio performed over the period 2004 to 2008?
Answer:
Smart Computer Company had performed in actual fact imperfectly. Because SCC had achieved very fewer inventory ratio over the year. As we know low inventory turnover ratio is a signal of inefficiency, since inventory usually has a rate of return of zero. A low turnover rate can indicate poor liquidity, possible overstocking, and obsolescence. A high inventory turnover ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying. It can indicate better liquidity, but it can also indicate a shortage or inadequate inventory levels, which may lead to a loss in business.
So, for SCC it is pretty bad impact in inventory level.
B) How SCC’s has Accounts receivable turnover ratio performed over the period 2004 to 2008?
According to account receivables turnover ratio I see Smart Computer Company accomplished very fastidious turnover over the year. They did in reality superior in terms of account receivables turnover. This turnover increased over the year and year with well-bred size.
Because we know, Accounts receivable turnover measures the efficiency of a business in collecting its credit sales.
Generally a high value of accounts receivable turnover is favorable and lower figure may indicate inefficiency in collecting outstanding sales. Increase in accounts receivable turnover overtime generally indicates improvement in the process of cash collection on credit sales.
However, a normal level of receivables turnover is different for different industries. Also, very high values of this ratio may not be favorable, if achieved by extremely strict credit terms since such policies may repel potential buyers.
C) From the information and ratios above give some brief comments on SCC’s operations particularly in relation to current asset management?
SCC makes mediocre position what current ratio said.
Over the year and year it’s really close with poorer figure. Since we know the ratio is mainly used to give an idea of the company's ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, receivables). The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its obligations. A ratio under 1 suggests that …show more content…
the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. While this shows the company is not in good financial health, it does not necessarily mean that it will go bankrupt - as there are many ways to access financing - but it is definitely not a good sign.
Current ratio below 1 shows critical liquidity problems because it means that total current liabilities exceed total current assets.
Abnormally high value of current ratio may indicate existence of idle or underutilized resources in the company.
Basically SCC act upon in reality very shocking regard as on overall performance when I see my eyes on ROA ratio. Over the year and year it’s going down. Because increased ROA indicates improved performance. The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investors an idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to invest into net income. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more money on less investment.
This is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. For this reason, the ratio excludes inventories from current assets. The quick ratio measures the dollar amount of liquid assets available for each dollar of current liabilities. Thus, a quick ratio (of 1.5) means that
a company has $1.50 of liquid assets available to cover each $1 of current liabilities. The higher the ratio, the better it (company's liquidity position) is.
So it was really well in beginning year. But year by year it’s decreasing as results their liquidity assets going down.
3. The WOKO Company has complied the following data related with its capital structure plus additional information on its capital structure instruments.
Type of Finance
Book value
Debentures
$10 million
7%, $10 Preference Shares
$5 million
4 million, $2 Ordinary Shares
$8 million
1. WOKO issued the debentures 10 years ago. Each debenture has a face value of $100,000 and they have another 20 years before they mature. Interest is paid yearly at a rate of 13% pa.
Currently a $100,000 debenture is trading in the market at a yield of 9% pa.
2. The preference shares pay a fixed dividend of 7% and are selling in the market at $6.50.
3. WOKO’s Ordinary shares have a beta of 1.2. The current return on the market portfolio is
11% and return on Government debt is 4.5%. The ordinary shares are trading at $2.25
a) What is the market value of debentures? (1 mark)
Answer:
$100*100000 debenture=$10 million
b) What is the market value of preference shares? (1/2 mark)
Answer:
$10*5 million=50 million
c) What is the market value of equity? (1/2 mark)
Answer:
$2*4 million=$8 million
d) What is the current market required rate of return on preference shares? (1 mark)
The current market required rate of return on preference shares:
Given, dp =7%
Dp =10*7%=.7
Np=6.50
kp=(Dp/Np)*100
= (.7/6.50)*100
=10.78%
e) What is the current market required rate of return on ordinary shares? (1 mark)
The current market required rate of return on ordinary share:
Given, krf=4.5%,
Km=11%,
Beta= 1.2,
So, Kr= (krf+ (km-krf)*beta) *100
= (.045+ (.11-.045)*1.2)100
=12.3%
f) What is the weighted average cost of capital for WOKO if the company tax rate is
30%? (1 mark)
Cost of debenture
Given, n=20years
M= 100,000
Nd=109000
c= 13%
C= 100000*13%= 13000
Cost of Debenture: kd= C+ (M-Nd)/n
M+Nd
2
=13000+ (100000-109000)/20
= 100,000+109000
2
= 12.00%
Hence, WACC= WD*KD (1-t) +WP*KP (1-t) +WE*KE (1-t)
= 43.48%*12.00% (1-.30) +21.74%*10.78% (1-.30) +34.78%*12.3% (1-.30)
= 43.48%*8.40%+21.74%*7.55%+34.78%*8.61%
= 3.65%+1.64%+2.99%
= 8.28%.
4. One star Productions is looking at two mutually exclusive investment proposals. One star has been using a payback period of three years for its investment projects and a new Chief Financial
Officer has said that One Star should be using a required rate of return of 14%. The two projects cash flows are set out below using this information answer the following questions:
Project
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Alpha
-20,000
Nil
25,000
Nil
-5000
Omega
-30,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
30,000
a. Using the payback method calculates the payback for each project and which project would you select using the payback method?
#Payback period for Project Alpha
= 1 year+ 20000/25000*12 month
= 1 year 9.6 month
= 1 year 9 month 18 days
#Payback period for Project Omega = 3 year+ 15000/30000*12 month
= 3 year 6 month
However, I am going to invest my money on Project Alpha. Because I will get back my initial capital swiftly rather investing on Project Omega. But for long time like year four project alpha will be hammering project rather than project omega. After 3 year project alpha will be appear some sort of loss amount but project omega won’t.
b. Using the NPV method, calculate the NPV of each project and which project would you select using the NPV method?
Project
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Alpha
-20,000
Nil
25,000
Nil
-5000
Omega
-30,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
30,000
Rate of return of 14%
#Net Present Value for Project Alpha
= -20000+0/ (1+.14) ^1+25000 / (1+.14) ^2+ 0/ (1+.14) ^3-5000/ (1+.14) ^4
= -20000+0+16874.29+0-2960.40
= -6086.11
#Net Present Value for Project Omega
= -30000+5000/ (1+.14) ^1+5000/ (1+.14) ^2+5000/ (1+.14) ^3+30000/ (1+.14) ^4
= -30000+4385.96+3847.34+3374.86+17762.41
= -629.43
After using NPV method Project Omega is far better than Project Alpha. Since NPV for Project
Alpha is too high negative return whereas Project Omega has lower negative return.
c. Give one reason why you would not use the payback period as a selection method for investment decisions.
Answer:
I am never going to invest following payback period method. There are some considerable predicaments in payback period.
Firstly, Payback ignores the time value of money. That’s why for long time it will show loss. Ultimately it has.
Secondly, Payback ignores cash flows beyond the payback period, thereby ignoring the
"effectiveness" of a project.
Finally, Pay back period gives high emphasis on liquidity and ignores profitability.