Learning Objectives: Students should be able to ... • Define evolution, fitness, and adaptation using the biological definitions. • Describe the nature of the evidence regarding (1) whether species change through time and (2) whether they are related by common ancestry. • Assess whether Darwin's four postulates are true in any given example, explain to a friend why evolution must occur if all four are true, and explain whether evolution will occur if any of the four are not true. • Identify common misconceptions about evolution, and give examples to illustrate why they are not true. (For example: Is evolution progressive? Do animals do things "for the good of the species"? Does evolution result in perfection?) Lecture Outline • Evolution is one of the best-supported and most important theories in the history of science. • Evolution is one of the five attributes of life. • Evolution has both a pattern and a process. I. The Evolution of Evolutionary Thought A. Plato and typological thinking 1. Plato saw species as unchanging, perfect "types" created by God. 2. Plato thought individual variation was an unimportant deviation from the true "type." B. Aristotle and the great chain of being (scale of nature) 1. Aristotle, like Plato, thought species were unchanging types. 2. Aristotle thought species could be organized into a sequence or ladder of increasing complexity, with humans at the top. (Fig. 24.1) C. Lamarck and the idea of evolution as change through time 1. Lamarck noticed that organisms changed over time. 2. Lamarck thought animals progressed over time from "lower" to "higher" forms (like Aristotle's ladder) via inheritance of acquired characteristics. D. Darwin and Wallace and evolution by natural selection 1. Species change over time, but they do not "progress." 2. A species does not have a single true "type." 3. Individual variation is important; variation is what drives…