New England Colonies Summary
HISTORY 1301 ~ AMERICAN HISTORY TO 1877
C H A P T E R 2
NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTHCENTURY
COLONIES
SUMMARY
In the seventeenth century, different and sometimes disparate groups of English settlers established several colonies in North America. The English way of colonization differed from that of the Spanish in that English colonization did not emanate from a desire to create a centralized empire in the New World.
Breaking Away
English migration to the New World was part of a larger pattern of mobility—the New World was just another destination. Some Englishmen migrated to the New World for economic reasons, leaving poverty and seeking land. Others came seeking religious opportunity or to avoid political strife and …show more content…
conflict in England.
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
In the early- to mid-seventeenth century, the English established two successful but diverse colonies around the Chesapeake Bay—Virginia and Maryland.
Entrepreneurs in Virginia
In 1607, the London Company, a joint stock company, built Jamestown in Virginia. This colony, however, experienced numerous problems arising from a hostile natural environment, conflict with local Native Americans, the colonists’ failure to work for the common good, and unclear goals.
Spinning Out of Control
To save the colony, Captain John Smith took over the management of the town and imposed military order. The London Company also restructured the government and sent more people to keep the colony going.
“Stinking Weed”
One key to the eventual success of Virginia was the development by John Rolfe of tobacco as a commercial crop. London Company directors further attracted settlers by giving land grants (headrights), establishing elective local government (the House of Burgesses), and bringing women to the colony. Under the management of Edwin Sandys especially, the colony thrived with new settlers arriving regularly.
Time of Reckoning
Disease and battles with the native population made Virginia a dangerous place, especially for indentured servants. Despite increased immigration to Virginia, the mortality rate remained high in Virginia. Such problems, combined with the continued low percentage of women colonists, made establishing a family difficult.
Corruption and Reform
In 1624, King James I declared that Virginia was a royal colony to help solve some of the problems plaguing the Virginia colony. James reformed the governance of the colony, appointing a royal governor and council. Nonetheless, the House of Burgesses, which the Stuart monarchs opposed, continued to meet, eventually forcing the monarchy to recognize them as a governing body. Despite the changes in the colony’s management, the economic and social aspects of life there continued much as before. Tobacco remained the primary crop, and life continued to revolve around the plantation.
Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
In the 1630s, Sir George Calvert and his son Cecilius, the Lords Baltimore, acquired a royal grant to settle a colony north of Virginia, which was named Maryland in honor of the queen.
The second Lord Baltimore insisted on religious toleration of all Christian religions, including Catholicism, within the colony, but this proprietary colony still faced much sectarian trouble during its early days.
Reforming England in America
Calvinist religious principles played an important role in the colonization of New England.
A small group of Separatists, or Pilgrims, first went to Holland and then settled the “Plymouth Plantation.” There these new settlers tried to replicate the villages and communities of England. Without assistance from the local Native Americans, the Pilgrims would not have survived in the New World.
“The Great Migration”
The Puritans, a much larger and wealthier group of religious reformers, wanting to escape the tyranny of King Charles I, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Under the leadership of John Winthrop, they sailed for the New World to create a better society by purifying English society and the Church from within.
“A City on a …show more content…
Hill”
Throughout the 1630s, Massachusetts Bay enjoyed a steady stream of new migrants, many coming as entire families, allowing the Puritans to build rigorous religious, economic, and political institutions. Bound by a common purpose that revolved around the same religious goal, the Massachusetts Bay colonies flourished. Adopting a Congregationalist system of church government, the Puritans’ religion informed every aspect of their lives. But, the governments of New England were not theocracies, and though many villages in the colony used democratic town meetings to solve local political problems, neither were they democracies. Unlike in Virginia, in New England, the town was the center of public life.
Limits of Religious Dissent
For the most part, the European settlers in New England managed to live in peace with one another, primarily because they believed in the rule of law, producing the first code of law printed in English—Lawes and Liberties. Despite this seemingly united belief system, disagreements did arise with regard to religious beliefs. The Puritans did not practice religious toleration, and those individuals of the colony that disagreed with either the laws or the theology of the legal authorities were generally tried as heretics and expelled from Massachusetts Bay. Two of these, Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, upon leaving Massachusetts Bay established their own “Puritan” colonies elsewhere in New England.
Mobility and Division
Four colonies—New Hampshire, New Haven, Connecticut, and Rhode Island—were established as a result of people leaving Massachusetts Bay. Some like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson left for religious reasons, while others were motivated to leave for economic reasons.
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
The key to the Middle Colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware— was social and cultural diversity, both within and among the several colonies.
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
The Dutch colony of New Netherland had been settled not only by the Dutch but also by Finns, Swedes, Germans, and Africans. Under Charles II, England easily wrested the ill-managed colony from the Dutch and renamed it New York. The diversity and size of New York meant bureaucratic problems for the Crown.
Confusion in New Jersey
Shortly after acquiring New York, the Duke of York awarded the land lying between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, individuals who had supported the crown during the English Civil War. The transfer bred only confusion. In 1674, Berkeley sold his proprietary rights to a group of Quakers, effectively splitting the colony in two. In 1702, the crown reunited New Jersey into a single colony, but it never prospered the way that New York did, and struggled with much internal political discord, as well as conflicts with the Crown and other colonies.
Quakers in America
Because they were persecuted in England, the Quakers, or Friends, came to the New World and settled Pennsylvania.
Quaker Beliefs and Practice
Quakers turned away from Calvinism and its beliefs of original sin and eternal Predestination. In Quaker theology, everyone possessed an “Inner Light” that offered salvation. There was no need for a learned ministry because everyone’s interpretation of Scripture was valid. The Quakers practiced a humble lifestyle eschewing social rank and position because all were equal in the eyes of the Lord. The Quakers actively worked to convert others to their “Truth.”
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
William Penn, an avid Quaker convert who was briefly involved with the New Jersey proprietorship, was awarded the proprietorship of a vast area of land in the New World called Pennsylvania or “Penn’s Woods.” There he tried to establish a complex society and government based on Quaker principles. Its complexity caused lasting problems for the management of the colony.
Settling Pennsylvania
Penn and other Quakers promoted the colony aggressively throughout the colonies, England, and the rest of Europe. The colony welcomed people of all faiths and nationalities, making Pennsylvania a remarkably diverse colony. Although Pennsylvania was economically successful as a colony, its social diversity often caused internal conflicts. Penn was forced by legal problems to leave Pennsylvania and return to England in 1701. He died there in 1718 a poor and disillusioned man.
Planting the Carolinas
Though the area south of the Chesapeake known as the Carolinas shared many similarities with Virginia and Maryland, it evolved quite differently. The fabled “solid South” of the nineteenth century did not exist during the colonial period.
Proprietors of the Carolinas
The English settled the land south of Virginia as a result of the restoration of King Charles II. He offered the area as a reward to a few of his followers. The “True and Absolute Lords Proprietors of Carolina” had great trouble attracting settlers to their colony. Conditions in England had so improved that the steady stream of willing migrants had run dry. Hoping to draw settlers from the other colonies, the Lords Proprietors offered generous land grants only to find such settlers difficult to attract.
The Barbadian Connection
The eventual success of the Carolinas was largely the result of the work of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury, and the migration of wealthy families from Barbados. Migrants from Barbados came as families and individuals, some bringing with them large gangs of slaves, creating a slave-based plantation society more similar to the islands than any mainland British colonies. The colony experimented with several cash crops including beef, animal skins, and naval stores, finally discovering the profitability of rice by the 1690s. Continually plagued by political disagreements between the proprietors and the settlers and among the settlers themselves, the king in 1729 divided the colony into North Carolina and South Carolina and made them both royal colonies.
The Founding of Georgia
The colony of Georgia resulted from the utopian vision of General James Oglethorpe. He settled the land south of Charleston in order to give hope to the debtors imprisoned in London, and at the same time, occupy land claimed by both England and Spain. Facing resistance from the settlers, Oglethorpe’s utopian goals soon faded, and Georgia struggled economically and politically in its early years.
Conclusion: Living with Diversity
The themes that connect the history of the early colonial development are hard work and, most importantly, diversity.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the different motivations for immigration from England to the New World in the sixteenth century.
2. Discuss the various problems involved in the settlement of Virginia.
3. Show the importance of tobacco plantations in the social, economic, and political life of the colony of Virginia.
4. Narrate the story of the founding and settlement of Maryland, focusing on its role for Catholics.
5.
Describe the impact of diversity on the settlement of the Middle Colonies.
6. Describe the type of society William Penn tried to create in his “Holy Experiment.”
7. Compare the motives for colonizing Georgia with those for colonizing the other colonies.
8. Discuss the problems of dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colonies.
9. Discuss the similarities and differences between the settlement of the Carolinas and the settlement of the Chesapeake.
GLOSSARY
Be familiar with the following terms for the first exam:
1. duties ~ taxes or sums required by a government to be paid on the transfer or use of goods. “… the duties he collected on tobacco imports began to mount.”
2. indentured servants ~ servants who are bound or contracted under seal to a period of labor. “... most emigrants were single males in their teens or early twenties who came to the New World as indentured servants.”
3. domain ~ territory or land over which authority or dominion is granted to an individual.
“... he possessed absolute authority over anyone living in his domain.”
4. ecclesiastical ~ of or relating to religious matters. “To their enemies … the Puritans were a bother, always pointing out civil and ecclesiastical
imperfections.”
5. communal ~ held or owned in common by all members of a group or community.
“Many people throughout the ages have espoused such communal rhetoric ...”
6. franchise ~ a right granted or given by a government, such as the right to vote.
“This decision greatly expanded the franchise of Massachusetts Bay …”
7. antinomianism ~ freedom from adherence to moral law. “Even contemporaries found her religious ideas, usually termed Antinomianism, somewhat confusing.”
8. unicameral ~ having one chamber or house. “Penn signed the Charter of Liberties, a new frame of government that established a unicameral … legislature …”
9. mortality ~ the ratio of death to the population. “... high mortality was a major reason that the Chesapeake colonies developed so differently from those of New England.”
10. sovereignty ~ control or absolute power in a state. “... they sparked the English civil war, an event that generated bold new thinking about Republican government and popular sovereignty.”
MATCHING
A. Match the following leaders with the appropriate description:
C 1. Captain John Smith
A 2. Sir Thomas Smith
F 3. John Rolfe
E 4. Sir Edwin Sandys
D 5. Sir Thomas Gates
a. investor who ousted the original leader of the Virginia Company and instituted colonial reforms
b. governor of Virginia who was sent back to England by the colonists and warned that he would be shot if he ever returned to Virginia
c. adventurer who instituted military discipline and perhaps saved the Virginia colony
d. governor who took over rule of Virginia in 1610 and ruled through martial law
e. wealthy London merchant and original leader of the Virginia Company
f. Virginia settler who married Pocahontas and experimented with growing tobacco in the colony
B. Match the following individuals with the appropriate description:
E 1. Peter Stuyvesant
B 2. Richard Nicolls
A 3. John, Lord Berkeley
F 4. Sir George Carteret
D 5. William Penn
a. proprietor of New Jersey who sold his claim to a group of Quakers
b. naval officer who was significant in New York and New Jersey's colonial history
c. Quaker who viewed his colony as a “Holy Experiment”
d. English spokesman for the Quaker idea of the “Inner Light”
e. last director-general of New Amsterdam
f. proprietor of New Jersey who worked in East Jersey to make a profit
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In colonizing North America, the English kings:
A) followed a precise plan of geographic development.
B) wanted to separate the colonies into distinct groups based on economics, politics, religion, and labor system.
C) negotiated treaties with the Indians.
D) followed no plan and distributed the land haphazardly, creating overlapping territorial claims.
2. The flow of immigrants to the English colonies in the seventeenth century:
A) was determined by political upheaval and economic recession.
B) followed a precise plan of the various monarchs.
C) followed a precise plan of religious leaders who based the settlement of North
America on biblical prophecy.
D) was determined by North American weather patterns.
3. The London Company (later the Virginia Company) primarily wanted to:
A) establish a religious haven.
B) make a profit through the discovery of gold and silver.
C) experiment with democracy.
D) establish a military fort to counter the power of the Spanish.
4. In the early days of the Virginia Colony, the settlers:
A) were about evenly divided between men and women.
B) were well prepared to plant a colonial outpost.
C) preferred searching for gold to farming or guarding the settlement.
D) had few troubles except for the unfriendly Indians.
5. The solution to the economic problems of Virginia was:
A) cultivation of tobacco.
B) reorganization of the joint-stock company with an infusion of new capital.
C) a successful agreement with the Native Americans.
D) trading with Barbados.
6. The Lords Baltimore viewed their colonizing project as:
A) a way to bring the true religion to the Indians.
B) a profit-seeking joint-stock company.
C) an outpost to oppose Catholic Spain.
D) a haven for English Catholics.
7. In the seventeenth century, the colonists in Massachusetts were more successful than Virginia’s:
A) in relating to the Indians.
B) in establishing the Anglican Church.
C) in finding a profitable staple crop.
D) in adopting a concept of corporate or community welfare.
8. Pilgrims or Separatists left the Anglican Church because they:
A) felt that it was still too Catholic.
B) could not attend services in Holland.
C) thought that it was controlled by Calvinists.
D) maintained loyalty to Archbishop Laud.
9. The lives of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson indicate that:
A) Puritans seldom disagreed on matters of theology.
B) Massachusetts Bay officials insisted on freedom of religious thought and expression.
C) Massachusetts Bay faced difficulties in creating the perfect society in America.
D) Massachusetts Bay Colony sent preachers to frontiers as missionaries to the Indians.
10. In Massachusetts, those who could vote consisted of:
A) the “Elect.”
B) all adult males.
C) all adult male members of a Congregational Church.
D) property-holding men and women who were saved.
11. The colony of New York:
A) was originally settled by the Duke of York and then became Dutch.
B) was originally settled by the Dutch and then taken by force by the English.
C) was almost completely Dutch, with no African-American population.
D) had been administered well by Dutch governors.
12. William Penn’s Frame of Government for his colony:
A) was based on the ideas of James Harrington.
B) denied the right of due process.
C) established the Quaker religion in Pennsylvania.
D) granted freedom of conscience to all except Catholics.
13. The government of the Carolinas:
A) was a theocracy.
B) ignored social and economic factors in granting power.
C) forbade slavery.
D) was written by the Earl of Shaftesbury with help from John Locke.
14. The economy of Carolina was:
A) based on slavery and cotton.
B) as diverse as that of the Middle Colonies.
C) at first diverse in agriculture, and then became dependent on rice as a staple.
D) not as important as its role as a buffer to Spanish America.
15. The seventeenth-century English colonies:
A) had much in common, except for differences over loyalty to the king.
B) had few common traits other than their loyalty to the monarch.
C) finally agreed to establish the Anglican Church.
D) agreed on a crude organization known as a Continental Congress.
C H A P T E R 2
NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTHCENTURY
COLONIES
SUMMARY
In the seventeenth century, different and sometimes disparate groups of English settlers established several colonies in North America. The English way of colonization differed from that of the Spanish in that English colonization did not emanate from a desire to create a centralized empire in the New World.
Breaking Away
English migration to the New World was part of a larger pattern of mobility—the New World was just another destination. Some Englishmen migrated to the New World for economic reasons, leaving poverty and seeking land. Others came seeking religious opportunity or to avoid political strife and …show more content…
conflict in England.
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
In the early- to mid-seventeenth century, the English established two successful but diverse colonies around the Chesapeake Bay—Virginia and Maryland.
Entrepreneurs in Virginia
In 1607, the London Company, a joint stock company, built Jamestown in Virginia. This colony, however, experienced numerous problems arising from a hostile natural environment, conflict with local Native Americans, the colonists’ failure to work for the common good, and unclear goals.
Spinning Out of Control
To save the colony, Captain John Smith took over the management of the town and imposed military order. The London Company also restructured the government and sent more people to keep the colony going.
“Stinking Weed”
One key to the eventual success of Virginia was the development by John Rolfe of tobacco as a commercial crop. London Company directors further attracted settlers by giving land grants (headrights), establishing elective local government (the House of Burgesses), and bringing women to the colony. Under the management of Edwin Sandys especially, the colony thrived with new settlers arriving regularly.
Time of Reckoning
Disease and battles with the native population made Virginia a dangerous place, especially for indentured servants. Despite increased immigration to Virginia, the mortality rate remained high in Virginia. Such problems, combined with the continued low percentage of women colonists, made establishing a family difficult.
Corruption and Reform
In 1624, King James I declared that Virginia was a royal colony to help solve some of the problems plaguing the Virginia colony. James reformed the governance of the colony, appointing a royal governor and council. Nonetheless, the House of Burgesses, which the Stuart monarchs opposed, continued to meet, eventually forcing the monarchy to recognize them as a governing body. Despite the changes in the colony’s management, the economic and social aspects of life there continued much as before. Tobacco remained the primary crop, and life continued to revolve around the plantation.
Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
In the 1630s, Sir George Calvert and his son Cecilius, the Lords Baltimore, acquired a royal grant to settle a colony north of Virginia, which was named Maryland in honor of the queen.
The second Lord Baltimore insisted on religious toleration of all Christian religions, including Catholicism, within the colony, but this proprietary colony still faced much sectarian trouble during its early days.
Reforming England in America
Calvinist religious principles played an important role in the colonization of New England.
A small group of Separatists, or Pilgrims, first went to Holland and then settled the “Plymouth Plantation.” There these new settlers tried to replicate the villages and communities of England. Without assistance from the local Native Americans, the Pilgrims would not have survived in the New World.
“The Great Migration”
The Puritans, a much larger and wealthier group of religious reformers, wanting to escape the tyranny of King Charles I, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Under the leadership of John Winthrop, they sailed for the New World to create a better society by purifying English society and the Church from within.
“A City on a …show more content…
Hill”
Throughout the 1630s, Massachusetts Bay enjoyed a steady stream of new migrants, many coming as entire families, allowing the Puritans to build rigorous religious, economic, and political institutions. Bound by a common purpose that revolved around the same religious goal, the Massachusetts Bay colonies flourished. Adopting a Congregationalist system of church government, the Puritans’ religion informed every aspect of their lives. But, the governments of New England were not theocracies, and though many villages in the colony used democratic town meetings to solve local political problems, neither were they democracies. Unlike in Virginia, in New England, the town was the center of public life.
Limits of Religious Dissent
For the most part, the European settlers in New England managed to live in peace with one another, primarily because they believed in the rule of law, producing the first code of law printed in English—Lawes and Liberties. Despite this seemingly united belief system, disagreements did arise with regard to religious beliefs. The Puritans did not practice religious toleration, and those individuals of the colony that disagreed with either the laws or the theology of the legal authorities were generally tried as heretics and expelled from Massachusetts Bay. Two of these, Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, upon leaving Massachusetts Bay established their own “Puritan” colonies elsewhere in New England.
Mobility and Division
Four colonies—New Hampshire, New Haven, Connecticut, and Rhode Island—were established as a result of people leaving Massachusetts Bay. Some like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson left for religious reasons, while others were motivated to leave for economic reasons.
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
The key to the Middle Colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware— was social and cultural diversity, both within and among the several colonies.
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
The Dutch colony of New Netherland had been settled not only by the Dutch but also by Finns, Swedes, Germans, and Africans. Under Charles II, England easily wrested the ill-managed colony from the Dutch and renamed it New York. The diversity and size of New York meant bureaucratic problems for the Crown.
Confusion in New Jersey
Shortly after acquiring New York, the Duke of York awarded the land lying between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, individuals who had supported the crown during the English Civil War. The transfer bred only confusion. In 1674, Berkeley sold his proprietary rights to a group of Quakers, effectively splitting the colony in two. In 1702, the crown reunited New Jersey into a single colony, but it never prospered the way that New York did, and struggled with much internal political discord, as well as conflicts with the Crown and other colonies.
Quakers in America
Because they were persecuted in England, the Quakers, or Friends, came to the New World and settled Pennsylvania.
Quaker Beliefs and Practice
Quakers turned away from Calvinism and its beliefs of original sin and eternal Predestination. In Quaker theology, everyone possessed an “Inner Light” that offered salvation. There was no need for a learned ministry because everyone’s interpretation of Scripture was valid. The Quakers practiced a humble lifestyle eschewing social rank and position because all were equal in the eyes of the Lord. The Quakers actively worked to convert others to their “Truth.”
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
William Penn, an avid Quaker convert who was briefly involved with the New Jersey proprietorship, was awarded the proprietorship of a vast area of land in the New World called Pennsylvania or “Penn’s Woods.” There he tried to establish a complex society and government based on Quaker principles. Its complexity caused lasting problems for the management of the colony.
Settling Pennsylvania
Penn and other Quakers promoted the colony aggressively throughout the colonies, England, and the rest of Europe. The colony welcomed people of all faiths and nationalities, making Pennsylvania a remarkably diverse colony. Although Pennsylvania was economically successful as a colony, its social diversity often caused internal conflicts. Penn was forced by legal problems to leave Pennsylvania and return to England in 1701. He died there in 1718 a poor and disillusioned man.
Planting the Carolinas
Though the area south of the Chesapeake known as the Carolinas shared many similarities with Virginia and Maryland, it evolved quite differently. The fabled “solid South” of the nineteenth century did not exist during the colonial period.
Proprietors of the Carolinas
The English settled the land south of Virginia as a result of the restoration of King Charles II. He offered the area as a reward to a few of his followers. The “True and Absolute Lords Proprietors of Carolina” had great trouble attracting settlers to their colony. Conditions in England had so improved that the steady stream of willing migrants had run dry. Hoping to draw settlers from the other colonies, the Lords Proprietors offered generous land grants only to find such settlers difficult to attract.
The Barbadian Connection
The eventual success of the Carolinas was largely the result of the work of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury, and the migration of wealthy families from Barbados. Migrants from Barbados came as families and individuals, some bringing with them large gangs of slaves, creating a slave-based plantation society more similar to the islands than any mainland British colonies. The colony experimented with several cash crops including beef, animal skins, and naval stores, finally discovering the profitability of rice by the 1690s. Continually plagued by political disagreements between the proprietors and the settlers and among the settlers themselves, the king in 1729 divided the colony into North Carolina and South Carolina and made them both royal colonies.
The Founding of Georgia
The colony of Georgia resulted from the utopian vision of General James Oglethorpe. He settled the land south of Charleston in order to give hope to the debtors imprisoned in London, and at the same time, occupy land claimed by both England and Spain. Facing resistance from the settlers, Oglethorpe’s utopian goals soon faded, and Georgia struggled economically and politically in its early years.
Conclusion: Living with Diversity
The themes that connect the history of the early colonial development are hard work and, most importantly, diversity.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the different motivations for immigration from England to the New World in the sixteenth century.
2. Discuss the various problems involved in the settlement of Virginia.
3. Show the importance of tobacco plantations in the social, economic, and political life of the colony of Virginia.
4. Narrate the story of the founding and settlement of Maryland, focusing on its role for Catholics.
5.
Describe the impact of diversity on the settlement of the Middle Colonies.
6. Describe the type of society William Penn tried to create in his “Holy Experiment.”
7. Compare the motives for colonizing Georgia with those for colonizing the other colonies.
8. Discuss the problems of dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colonies.
9. Discuss the similarities and differences between the settlement of the Carolinas and the settlement of the Chesapeake.
GLOSSARY
Be familiar with the following terms for the first exam:
1. duties ~ taxes or sums required by a government to be paid on the transfer or use of goods. “… the duties he collected on tobacco imports began to mount.”
2. indentured servants ~ servants who are bound or contracted under seal to a period of labor. “... most emigrants were single males in their teens or early twenties who came to the New World as indentured servants.”
3. domain ~ territory or land over which authority or dominion is granted to an individual.
“... he possessed absolute authority over anyone living in his domain.”
4. ecclesiastical ~ of or relating to religious matters. “To their enemies … the Puritans were a bother, always pointing out civil and ecclesiastical
imperfections.”
5. communal ~ held or owned in common by all members of a group or community.
“Many people throughout the ages have espoused such communal rhetoric ...”
6. franchise ~ a right granted or given by a government, such as the right to vote.
“This decision greatly expanded the franchise of Massachusetts Bay …”
7. antinomianism ~ freedom from adherence to moral law. “Even contemporaries found her religious ideas, usually termed Antinomianism, somewhat confusing.”
8. unicameral ~ having one chamber or house. “Penn signed the Charter of Liberties, a new frame of government that established a unicameral … legislature …”
9. mortality ~ the ratio of death to the population. “... high mortality was a major reason that the Chesapeake colonies developed so differently from those of New England.”
10. sovereignty ~ control or absolute power in a state. “... they sparked the English civil war, an event that generated bold new thinking about Republican government and popular sovereignty.”
MATCHING
A. Match the following leaders with the appropriate description:
C 1. Captain John Smith
A 2. Sir Thomas Smith
F 3. John Rolfe
E 4. Sir Edwin Sandys
D 5. Sir Thomas Gates
a. investor who ousted the original leader of the Virginia Company and instituted colonial reforms
b. governor of Virginia who was sent back to England by the colonists and warned that he would be shot if he ever returned to Virginia
c. adventurer who instituted military discipline and perhaps saved the Virginia colony
d. governor who took over rule of Virginia in 1610 and ruled through martial law
e. wealthy London merchant and original leader of the Virginia Company
f. Virginia settler who married Pocahontas and experimented with growing tobacco in the colony
B. Match the following individuals with the appropriate description:
E 1. Peter Stuyvesant
B 2. Richard Nicolls
A 3. John, Lord Berkeley
F 4. Sir George Carteret
D 5. William Penn
a. proprietor of New Jersey who sold his claim to a group of Quakers
b. naval officer who was significant in New York and New Jersey's colonial history
c. Quaker who viewed his colony as a “Holy Experiment”
d. English spokesman for the Quaker idea of the “Inner Light”
e. last director-general of New Amsterdam
f. proprietor of New Jersey who worked in East Jersey to make a profit
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In colonizing North America, the English kings:
A) followed a precise plan of geographic development.
B) wanted to separate the colonies into distinct groups based on economics, politics, religion, and labor system.
C) negotiated treaties with the Indians.
D) followed no plan and distributed the land haphazardly, creating overlapping territorial claims.
2. The flow of immigrants to the English colonies in the seventeenth century:
A) was determined by political upheaval and economic recession.
B) followed a precise plan of the various monarchs.
C) followed a precise plan of religious leaders who based the settlement of North
America on biblical prophecy.
D) was determined by North American weather patterns.
3. The London Company (later the Virginia Company) primarily wanted to:
A) establish a religious haven.
B) make a profit through the discovery of gold and silver.
C) experiment with democracy.
D) establish a military fort to counter the power of the Spanish.
4. In the early days of the Virginia Colony, the settlers:
A) were about evenly divided between men and women.
B) were well prepared to plant a colonial outpost.
C) preferred searching for gold to farming or guarding the settlement.
D) had few troubles except for the unfriendly Indians.
5. The solution to the economic problems of Virginia was:
A) cultivation of tobacco.
B) reorganization of the joint-stock company with an infusion of new capital.
C) a successful agreement with the Native Americans.
D) trading with Barbados.
6. The Lords Baltimore viewed their colonizing project as:
A) a way to bring the true religion to the Indians.
B) a profit-seeking joint-stock company.
C) an outpost to oppose Catholic Spain.
D) a haven for English Catholics.
7. In the seventeenth century, the colonists in Massachusetts were more successful than Virginia’s:
A) in relating to the Indians.
B) in establishing the Anglican Church.
C) in finding a profitable staple crop.
D) in adopting a concept of corporate or community welfare.
8. Pilgrims or Separatists left the Anglican Church because they:
A) felt that it was still too Catholic.
B) could not attend services in Holland.
C) thought that it was controlled by Calvinists.
D) maintained loyalty to Archbishop Laud.
9. The lives of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson indicate that:
A) Puritans seldom disagreed on matters of theology.
B) Massachusetts Bay officials insisted on freedom of religious thought and expression.
C) Massachusetts Bay faced difficulties in creating the perfect society in America.
D) Massachusetts Bay Colony sent preachers to frontiers as missionaries to the Indians.
10. In Massachusetts, those who could vote consisted of:
A) the “Elect.”
B) all adult males.
C) all adult male members of a Congregational Church.
D) property-holding men and women who were saved.
11. The colony of New York:
A) was originally settled by the Duke of York and then became Dutch.
B) was originally settled by the Dutch and then taken by force by the English.
C) was almost completely Dutch, with no African-American population.
D) had been administered well by Dutch governors.
12. William Penn’s Frame of Government for his colony:
A) was based on the ideas of James Harrington.
B) denied the right of due process.
C) established the Quaker religion in Pennsylvania.
D) granted freedom of conscience to all except Catholics.
13. The government of the Carolinas:
A) was a theocracy.
B) ignored social and economic factors in granting power.
C) forbade slavery.
D) was written by the Earl of Shaftesbury with help from John Locke.
14. The economy of Carolina was:
A) based on slavery and cotton.
B) as diverse as that of the Middle Colonies.
C) at first diverse in agriculture, and then became dependent on rice as a staple.
D) not as important as its role as a buffer to Spanish America.
15. The seventeenth-century English colonies:
A) had much in common, except for differences over loyalty to the king.
B) had few common traits other than their loyalty to the monarch.
C) finally agreed to establish the Anglican Church.
D) agreed on a crude organization known as a Continental Congress.