Chapter 7 Launching the New Republic 1789-1800 – Enduring Vision
Fragility of New Nation:
1. Restrictions on export markets hurt farmers, sailors, merchants – lack of right of deposit for Western farmers (Spain controlled port of New Orleans)
2. Inept settlement of western lands frustrated land speculators and pioneers
3. Confederation’s default on national debt
4. Regional and ideological conflicts
WEST
Native Americans vs. 200,000 frontier settlers (Kentucky especially – “that dark and bloody ground”) Decades of warfare between the Iroquois and Cherokee gave Kentucky its name, the "dark and bloody ground." The Dark and Bloody Ground State: This nickname refers to the Indian battles, between Creek, Shawnee, Chickasaw, Cherokee and other tribes, that took place along the Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee. Some have said that the land was described in this way to Daniel Boone by an Indian Chief. According to The Kentucky Blue Book, "Dragging Canoe, a young Cherokee chief opposed to selling ancestral hunting grounds, warned the whites that they were purchasing a “dark and bloody ground."
U.S. govt. too weak militarily to deal with situation (1789 – US Army was 672 soldiers!)
“no property or person is safe under a govt. so weak as that of the US” – George Rogers Clark
But Ohio is successfully settled in 1788
British continue to occupy 7 forts in West – they said failure to compensate Loyalists for confiscated property – allowed Canadian fur trade to flourish.
For a decade, Britain refused to evacuate forts in the Old Northwest as promised in the treaty ending the Revolution. Control of those forts impeded white settlement in the Great Lakes region. Frontier settlers believed that British officials at those posts sold firearms to Native Americans, paid money for American scalps, and incited uprisings against white settlers. War appeared imminent when British warships stopped 300 American ships carrying food to France and France's overseas possessions and seized their cargoes, and forced sailors suspected of desertion from British ships into the British navy. In this letter, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay (1745-1829), conveys a sense of how immediate the danger of war seemed.
Many Westerners considered working toward Spanish citizenship because of weaknesses of American govt. on trade and Indians
SOUTH
VA and NC had rewarded Revolutionary Soldiers with Western lands grants and wanted strength there.
Many Southern planters (George Washington, for example) had borrowed heavily to buy frontier real estate; many advocated strong measures against British.
Drop in exports of tobacco and rice, many planters shifted to wheat and hemp.
P:\hemp_history.doc
Mid-Atlantic – PA and NY – farmers prospered
NEW ENGLAND –
Poor soil and short growing season made agriculture difficult – high taxes, tight credit, economic depression. Britain had forbidden/opened trade with West Indies, by 1791 cod and whale fisheries dropped.
Tried peaceful accommodation – but South and West were more confrontational.
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