Normal Waveform Lab Report

CVP and its normal waveform1 - 2 : It is a technique used to measure existing pressure at the junction on CVC and the right atrium. To measure the pressure they used the central venous catheter that inserted on right jugular vein. This technique used for evaluation the cardiac function in ill patients. In addition, it can used for diagnosis purposes such as heart failure and fluid resuscitation. The relationship between cardiac function and venous return used for determination of heart failure and fluid resuscitation.

Central venous pressure has a normal waveform, which is contain five elements: 3 peaks (a,c,v) and 2 descents ( x,y). ( A) wave: is reflect the atrial contraction , follows the p wave on ECG waveform , and it is not showed on atrial fibrillation. This wave is reflect the end diastole
( x ) wave : which is big descending on CVP waveform because of dropping in atrial pressure through ventricular systole which is caused by the relaxation of atrial .

(v) wave: it comes after x descending and by increasing on atrial pressure and refilling the atrium during late systole. Moreover, is reflect T wave in ECG waveform.

( y ) wave is the final phase of the CVP wave form after atrial pressure dropped and beginning of blood entering to the ventricular .

How to measure the CVP? 3
There are to methods either manually by using manometer or by electronically using transducer. At the level of the right atrium, the CVP must be zeroed. The location is fourth intercostal space specifically in mid axillary line. The patient should be on supine position. To get an accuracy result, each measurement should be taken at the same zero poison.

CVP catheter and its complications7:
CVP is a device inserted on right jugular