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Notes on Colonialism and Imperialism

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Notes on Colonialism and Imperialism
Chapter 33 Notes * Foundations of empire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potential markets for industrial products * Political motives * Strategic purpose: harbors and supply stations for industrial nations * Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions * Cultural justifications of imperialism * Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia * "Civilizing mission" or "white man's burden" was a justification for expansion * Tools of empire * Transportation technologies supported imperialism * Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia * Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power * Western military technologies increasingly powerful * Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns * In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in five hours * Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies * Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India from years to weeks * Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900 * European imperialism * The British empire in India * Company rule under the English East India Company * EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s * Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay * Ruled domains with small British force and Indian troops called sepoys * Sepoy
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