Nt1310 Unit 7

LECTURE 7 * What 3 things must be present for communication to occur? * Transmission media, data transmission, cooperation * Define Bandwidth * Amount of data can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time * Define attenuation * Loss of power in a signal as it travels from sending device to receiving device * What is a protocol and why is it important in electronic communication? * Rules governing data communication including error detection, message length, speed * What is the difference between a switch and a router? * Modem – Modulator Demodulator. Connects user to internet. Not required for wifi * Switch – main linking device within a network * Distinguish between main two
types of conducted media (wired media) * Electrical Conductors – Twisted pair cable consists of two copper lines twisted around each other – Coaxial cables used for long-distance telephone transmissions and local area networks * Light Conductors – Fiber-optic cables are glass tubes surrounded by concentric layers of glass to form a light path through wire cables * Distinguish between centralized data processing, decentralized data processing and distributed * Centralized – Processing done at one central computer. Can exercise tight control on system operations and apps. Can be lacking responsiveness. Not common * Decentralized – Each user/department has own computer for processing. More responsive to users. Lacks coordination/high cost/duplicates efforts * Distributed – Centralized control and decentralized operations. More compatible, more features, more responsive. Dependence on communication. Incompatibility between equipment. More challenging management. * Examples of WAN, MAN, LAN * WAN – Wide area network. Spans several cities/states/countries. * MAN – Metropolitan are network. Comm for multiple organizations in a city. * LAN – Local area network Connects hosts that are in close proximity. * If network topology is star/ring/bus/hierarchy or mesh network * Represents networks physical layout * Star – Central computer with a series of nodes * Ring – Each computer manages its own connectivity. Each node connected to two other nodes * Bus – Connected nodes along network segment. Ends of cable aren’t connected * Hierarchical – Combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels * Mesh – Every node is connected to every other node * What is packet switching? Advantages / disadvantages * Slicing digital messages into packets, sending along different comm paths as available, reassembles at destination. * Advantage – Adaptive routing for efficient line usage. Don’t need same data rates. Can be prioritized. * Disadvantage – Delay due to multiple node decision points, variable delays cause jitter, extra overhead * Two main protocols from basis of the industry standard suite of comm protocols? * TCP/IP – standard. Enables internet communication. TCP – transmission control protocol. IP – Internet protocol. * Client/Server Computing – Powerful clients (PC) connected to network with one or more server computers performing common function. Presentation, application, data mgmt. * Explain convergence in data communication. * Integrating voice, video, data so multimedia information can be used for decision making. It required network upgrades. Common apps- ecommerce, entertainment, conferencing.

LECTURE 8 – INTER/INTRA/EXTRA NETS * Identify 3 phases of internet evolution, approximate year of transition from one to next * Innovation Phase (1961-1974) * Institutionalization (1974-1995) * Commercialization (1995-Present) * Who is credited with inventing the WWW * Tim Berners-Lee * Differences between domain name/IP address/ URL * Domain name – identifiers of network addresses on internet expressed in natural lang. * IP address – Assigned by internet corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) * URL – Uniform resource locators. Addresses used by browsers to identify location of web page. * Two types of top level domains * Organizational (Generic) (.com, .edu, .int, .gov, .net, .org) * Geographic (country code) * Difference between HTML / XML * HTML – Hypertext markup language. Easy to use, fixed set of markup tags. * XML – eXtensible Markup language. Describe data/information. Tags defined by user. * HTTP protocol associated with what application? * Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – Resources on Web * SMTP protocol associated with what application? * E-Mail, instant messaging, internet telephone * Difference between directory and search engine. * Directory – organize information into categories. Based on keywords in documents. * Search engine – Look up information and resources on internet. Enable users to retrieve data from web by searching for terms. * Explain how google works, innovation of google instant search * Runs over 1 million servers globally. Processes over 1billion search requests, 24 petabytes every day. * Instant – Refined in real time. Reduces search time from 9 sec to 4 sec. Delivers more ads * Zillow.com? * Real estate portal * Web 2.0? Main applications associated? * Web applications more interactive than traditional web apps. SOCIAL NETWORKING. * Web 3.0? * Semantic web. Provides context for searching online information. Focuses on intelligent web apps using various apps of artificial intelligent technologies * Intranet? * Network within organization uses internet protocols and technologies for internal use. * Extranet?
DMZ? * Extranet – uses internet and web tech to connect intranets to business partners. Supply chain systems. * DMZ – demilitarized zone, are of network that’s separate from the organizations LAN. Between intra and extra. * Interorganizational system? Types of IOS? * IOS – Electronic funds transfer (EFT). Electronic data interchange (EDI). XML. Radio frequency identification (RFID)

LECTURE 9 – E-COMMERCE * Network externalities? Identify when important in e-commerce. Other names for this? Difference between positive and negative externality? * * Distinguish e-business and e-commerce * E-business – Activities companies perform for selling and buying products/services, using computers and communication technologies * E-commerce – Buying and selling goods and services over the internet * 4 supporting activities and 5 primary activities of Porter’s Value Chain? * * Discuss 3 advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce compared to traditional commerce * Improved customer service * Increasing flexibility, customer involvement * More information * Around the clock operations * Better
relationships * DISADVANTAGES – Bandwidth capacity problems, security, accessibility, acceptance * Different e-commerce revenue models discussed in class/text * Merchant Model – Selling products * Brokerage Model – Collecting transaction fee * Advertising Model – * Informediary Model – Sell user information * Subscription Model – * Affiliate Model - * Current trends in online retailing * Emphasis on better shopping experience * Selection of goods online increases * Multi-channel integration? 2 examples * Online order w/ in-store pickup. * Web promotions * In-store kiosk or clerk web order * Difference between B2C and B2B e-commerce and which is larger * B2C * Companies sell to consumers. * B2B * 10x larger than B2C. * Fastest growing segment. * Partners use intranets/extranets, EDI, EFT * Lowers production costs and improves accuracy * 4 major B2B e-commerce models * Seller – sellers to markets jointly create common marketplace * Buyer – buyer/group of buyers opens electronic marketplace * Intermediary (third party) – revenue from fees for matching buyers/sellers * Trading partner agreements – automate negotiation process/enforce contracts (XML) * M-Commerce * Mobile commerce * Based on wireless application protocol. Using smart phones/PDA’s * Explain how 2 different e-payment systems work * Electronic payment * Exchanged only electronically * Smart Cards * Credit card sized, contains embedded chip storing important financial info * Search Engine Optimization * Method for improving volume or quality of traffic to web site

LECTURE 10 – GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS * Why companies have strong emphasis on going global, why info systems need to be global systems * A demand for integrated global services is created * Trends in global adoption of internet * Africa: quadrupled from 2007, with annual growth over 60% * Middle East: tripled, annual growth 35% * Latin America: doubled, annual growth 25% * End of 2013, Asia will have half of all internet users * How global IS influence organizations approach to organizational control and coordination * Control requires: * Centralized architecture for data * Standard formats * Defined behaviors * Coordination requires: * Decentralized architecture * Ability to communicate standards to/from departments * Collaboration system * Key issues must be considered when developing global IS * Prerequisites for successful GIS – understanding laws, tech issues, business needs * Organizational issues * Economic Issues * Technical issues * 4 common types of global organizations. Each, identify important characteristics of there IS needs. * Multinational – Production, sales, marketing decentralized * Global – Highly centralized information system * International – Operates like multinational, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters for processes and production decisions * Transnational – Parent and subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, logistics * IT outsourcing and rationale for doing outsourcing. What is offshoring? * Offshoring – Alternative for developing information systems * Key obstacles for developing global IS? * Lack of standardization * Diverse regulatory practices * Cultural differences * Poor telecommunication infrastructures * Lack of skilled analysts and programmers