Nulliparity Research Paper
A woman 's obstetrical history is recorded as: number of pregnancies, known as gravida and number of pregnancies carried to viable gestational age , known as parity. Viable gestational age varies from region to region, for example in the UK it is considered to be 24 weeks whilst in the USA 23 weeks is considered viable.
A woman who has never given birth is a nullipara, a nullip, or para 0.
A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is also referred to as being nulliparous, a nullipara or para 0.[8]
A woman who has given birth one or more times is referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3 and so on.
A woman in her first pregnancy and who has therefore not yet given birth is a nullipara or nullip, if her pregnancy is less than …show more content…
For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that nulliparity was associated with a 30% increase in risk of breast cancer compared with parous women, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.[13] However risks related to pregnancy, such as maternal mortality are much larger than the increased risk of breast cancer for a nulliparous woman.[citation …show more content…
"The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity ': a survey". BJOG 114 (10): 1295–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x. PMID 17877683.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary[page needed]
Jump up ^ Mehrzad J, Duchateau L, Pyörälä S, Burvenich C. (2002). Blood and milk neutrophil chemiluminescence and viability in primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during late pregnancy, around parturition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 85 (12): 3268-76.
Jump up ^ D. Vecchio, G. Neglia, M. Rendina, M. Marchiello, A. Balestrieri, R. Di Palo (2007). Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6 (Suppl. 1): 512–514.
Jump up ^ Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW (June 1987). "Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 25 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6. PMID 3609426.
^ Jump up to: a b F. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
Jump up ^ Hatfield, Nancy; N. Jayne Klossner (2006). Introductory maternity & pediatric nursing. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 142. ISBN
A woman who has never given birth is a nullipara, a nullip, or para 0.
A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is also referred to as being nulliparous, a nullipara or para 0.[8]
A woman who has given birth one or more times is referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3 and so on.
A woman in her first pregnancy and who has therefore not yet given birth is a nullipara or nullip, if her pregnancy is less than …show more content…
For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that nulliparity was associated with a 30% increase in risk of breast cancer compared with parous women, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.[13] However risks related to pregnancy, such as maternal mortality are much larger than the increased risk of breast cancer for a nulliparous woman.[citation …show more content…
"The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity ': a survey". BJOG 114 (10): 1295–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x. PMID 17877683.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary[page needed]
Jump up ^ Mehrzad J, Duchateau L, Pyörälä S, Burvenich C. (2002). Blood and milk neutrophil chemiluminescence and viability in primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during late pregnancy, around parturition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 85 (12): 3268-76.
Jump up ^ D. Vecchio, G. Neglia, M. Rendina, M. Marchiello, A. Balestrieri, R. Di Palo (2007). Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6 (Suppl. 1): 512–514.
Jump up ^ Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW (June 1987). "Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 25 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6. PMID 3609426.
^ Jump up to: a b F. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
Jump up ^ Hatfield, Nancy; N. Jayne Klossner (2006). Introductory maternity & pediatric nursing. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 142. ISBN