Nutr 313 Exam One Study Gide

Lecture 1
Hunger: biological; controlled by hypothalamus
Appetite: psychological
Alcohol: source of calories and energy
How are nutrients classified? Macro (g) and micro (mg); essential and non essential (omega 3)
What food groups are subdivided by?
Grains – whole or refine
Fruits – juices or whole
Vegetables – color intensity
Which group has plant and animal sources?
Dairy, meat, oil
Phytochemical – still yet to be discovered; plant-based substance; has extra benefit to diet
Lecture 2
Scientific method – first step: define the question
What are red flags you might see in a nutrition advertisement: promise of quick and easy remedy; claim sounds too good to be true; scare tactics; attacks on motives and ethical standards of MDs; testimonials and anecdotes; promotes benefits and overlooks risk; uses clinical terms that are scientific sounding; incomplete references; recommendations based on a single study; tiny disclaimers
Know more reliable sources of nutritional information: professional organizations, government agencies, trade/industry organizations; food companies; .gov or .org
Know the best way to evaluate nutrition information – how do you know if it is valid or reliable: what is the motive; does the source cite reputable expert or peer-reviewed publications; was the experiment cited appropriate for the ad; how was the experiment conducted
Lecture 3
Know what percent daily values is and where you see it - Table 2-9 in book
Know what the excellent claim is - provides 20% or more of daily value
Recognize if something is low in fat: 3g or less per serving and if the serving is 30g or less or 2 tbspoons or less, per 50g of the food. 2% is not low fat
Recognize if something is a source - provides at least 10% of daily value
Know what is required on a nutrition fact panel: serving size expressed in one of 3 ways:
• bulk products
• fractional
• discrete units servings per container amount per serving for: Total Calories, Calories from fat, Total fat, Saturated fat, Cholesterol, Sodium, Total carbohydrate, Dietary fiber, Sugars, Protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron
Ingredients List – GRAS ingredients in decending order by weight : additives, preservative, allergens
Daily Value (DV) based on a 2,000 Calorie diet (shows needs increase up to 3500kcals)
Total fat: maximum of 30% of Calories, or less than 65 grams
Saturated fat: maximum of 10% of Calories, or less than 20 grams
Carbohydrates: minimum of 60% of Calories, or more than 300 grams
Protein: based on 10 % of Calories
Fiber: based on 11.5 grams of fiber per 1,000 Calories
Cholesterol: less than 300 milligrams
Sodium: less than 2,400 milligrams
Know how North America is doing vs. the standards and goals - we hope to be less obese and less overweight, not so much carbohydrates are from sugar wished from more complex
DRI, what is UL: Dietary Reference Intake; Upper Intake Level (intakes above it may lead to toxic reaction)
Recognize comparative claims - relative vs content claim: Relative – claims compared to other similar products; Content: speaks to the nutrients that food contains (boasts good, minimizes bad)
Recognized approved health claims: calcium and osteoporosis, fat and cancer, saturated fat and cholesterol and coronary heart disease, fiber-containing grain products, fruits and vegetables and cancer, fiber-containing grain products, fruits and vegetables and risk of coronary heart disease, sodium and hypertension fruits and vegetables and cancer, soy protein and heart disease
Symbols used on foods – Organic, Irradiation, Kosher, Green packaging, self-styled, branded additives, professional orgs endorsement
Food guide pyramid: Grains (3-10oz); vegetables (1-4 cups); fruits (1-2.5 cups); dairy (2-3 cups); protein (2-7oz); oils (3-11 tsp.)
Nutrient density is - concept with coke can and glass of milk, nutrient content to the calorie content
Lecture 4
Which metabolic system requires oxygen: aerobic
Anatomy of gastrointestinal tract: esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)
Some problems that occur: heartburn (GERD), ciliacs, diarrhea
Heartburn disease - why does it occur? Sphincter is relaxed and stomach acid gets pushed back up and burns esophagus; caused by overeating and alcohol consumption (ethanol in alcohol relaxes the sphincter); pregnancy; tight clothes; chocolate, smoking, caffeine (all stimulants); acidic food (tomatoes)
Name of contraction that pushes food through the digestive system: peristalsis
Major site of nutrient absorption: small intestine
Major organ system related to nutrition and function they serve:
Mouth: chemical and mechanical breakdown
Esophagus: move by contraction to stomach
Stomach: secretion of gastric juices, protein denaturation, kills bacteria, pepsin, protein digestion, mucus for protection
Small intestine: secretion of pancreas, enzymes break down protein, fat, carbs, secretion of gall bladder
Large intestine: water & electrolyte absorption, bacterial action, fermentation
Basic organization of human body: cell -> tissue -> organs
Different hormones responsible for metabolism: insulin (anabolic - building) & glucagon (catabolic – breaking down)