Parent Occupational Status and Parenting Style as Motivational Factor for Students’ Choice of Career (a Case Study of Ijebu-North Local Government Area of Ogun State)

PARENT OCCUPATIONAL STATUS AND PARENTING STYLE AS MOTIVATIONAL FACTOR FOR STUDENTS’ CHOICE OF CAREER (A CASE STUDY OF IJEBU-NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE)

BY

FOLORUNSHO ADENIKE TEMITOPE

MATRIC NO: 04067102

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM STUDIES AND INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION (B.SC. ED.) ACCOUNTING (HONS). OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY,

AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

AUGUST, 2010.

CERTIFICATION

I certify that this project was carried out by Miss Folorunsho Adenike Temitope in the Department of Curriculum and Studies Instructional Technology Faculty of Education under my supervision.

___________________ _________________ Dr. Bola Ogunyemi Date Supervisor

DEDICATION This project is dedicated to the Almighty God who sustained me throughout the period of my study at the university. I also dedicate this project to my family for their support, care and love in all areas of life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I owe the accomplishment of this piece of work to a number of personalities. First and foremost I wish to express my gratitude to the Almighty God for the strength and energy he gave me to complete this course of study, without him this would have been very impossible. My sincere appreciation also goes to my supervisor Dr. Bola Ogunyemi for his great enthusiasm demonstrated on the work and who also give my work a meticulous supervision with helpful suggestions and advice. However, my immeasurable gratitude goes to my parent Mr. And Mrs. Folorunsho for their support morally, financially and advice. I want to specifically say thank you to my uncle (Peakay) for his advice. My unreserved gratitude also goes to my siblings, my extended family and my friends in persons of Tolulope, Busola, Adeola, Temitope, Adegboyega, Tosin, Yinka, Tunde, Taiwo, Biodun, Bolaji, Tomi, Tope of R.C.C.G Duney. Also, to the Bamiklins, the Folorunshos, the Odebas, the Asifus, the Olawuyis and the Tiamiyu for their support financially, socially and morally for the completion of my course. I cannot but also appreciate my pastors for their spiritual support and advice and also every members of Faith Baptist Church Ikorodu. Lastly, I want to appreciate the effort of a Lord sent Solanke Olamilekan for his support, care, advice and who was always there whenever his assistance is needed. I say a big thank you. God bless you all immeasurably and I say may God grant you all your heart desires.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of parent occupational status and parenting style as motivational factor for students’ choice of career. The sample size of six hundred students were drawn from five schools in Ijebu North Local Government area of Ogun State. Relevant literature on parenting style, occupational Status of parent and other factors were reviewed. Four hypothesis were tested from Standardized questionnaire. The result of the data collected were discussed and recommendations were made as to the urgent need for counseling unit in school, government interventions and for parent to allow children choose their choice of career. The result also shows that fathers and mothers’ occupation has some influence on child especially when it comes to choosing career so also are some other factors like sex gender of a child and different types of parenting style.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Purpose of the Study 5
1.4 Research Hypothesis 5
1.5 Significance of Study 5
1.6 Definition of Terms 6
1.7 Review of Literature 7
1.7.1 Theoretical Review 8
1.7.2 Types of Parenting Style and Parenting Style Chart 8 3. Influence of Parental Socio-Economic Status on children Career Choice 14 4. How the size of the Family Influences the Choice of a Child’s Career 15
1.7.5 Role of Parenting Styles 16
1.7.6 Relational Context of Career Development 17
1.7.7 Influence of Sex, Ethnicity of Family Type. 19

8. Family Functioning and Career Development 20 9. Influence of Educational Prestige on Career Choice of Children 22
1.8 Emperical Review 23

CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Research Design 29
2.3 Population 29
2.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 29
2.5 Research Instruments 30
2.6 Validity and Reliability of Instrument 30
2.7 Procedure for Data Collection 31
2.8 Method of Data Analysis 31

CHAPTER THREE: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION

AND INTERPRETATION 1. Results of Findings 32

CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF RESULT, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Discussion 39
4.2 Conclusion 43
4.3 Recommendations 44
4.4 Limitation of Study 45
4.5 Suggestion for Further Study 45

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Parenting style depends on the love and warmth, which exist between the parent and the child. There are several factors, which affect the parenting style. Some of them are Parental education, Parent occupation, Parent status, Parental background or Family, Living Standard, Number of Siblings, Parental Health, Ethnicity. To explain few of them; parental education is very important for the upcoming of a child. An educated parent will have more realistic attitude toward the parenting style, this is because most of the time the parents try to rear their children the way they had been reared by their parents. Forgetting that children are more advanced and well informed than they were ten years back. Parental occupation is very important, if both parent’s are working then the parenting style will be different. The child will probably develop an independent attitude, and sometime feels lonely and this can affect on the child in choosing his or her career. Parental status has a great effect on the child’s development. If parental status is high in the society then it will have a different effect on the child’s development than those whose parental status in the society is low. For instance, a daughter/son whose father is a doctor has different status in the society than a son/daughter whose father is a plumber. This can also affect the parenting style of a child and how a child will choose his/her career. Parental background denotes the family of the parents, it include the family of both the father and mother. The parenting style is very often influenced by the way the parent were raised or reared by their parents in the past. Parenting style can be in three ways, which are giving orders, this is an authoritarian parenting style. Authoritarian parents don’t feel they need to explain their rules or the reasons why they expect their children to do certain things. The main focus of these parent is on what their children do wrong and the punishment for misbehaviors is often harsh. Giving in is a permissive style parents who adopt this style may have concerns that their children will not like them if they set limit or they see themselves as their children friend and not their parent who is there to guide and set limits. Giving choices is a democratic parenting style which is the type of parenting style that will be discussed in this study. The days of “DO WHAT I SAY WITHOUT QUESTION” are over. This means having the attitude that both parent and children are equals. Giving choice balances freedom with responsibility Chao.R.K (1994) darling & Steinberg L (1993).

The mater of choice career has been a serious concern in our society today. It could also determine the type of social life one engage in during non-working hours. In view while choosing a career

since this can adversely or otherwise affect a whole lifetime. Super (1992) defines career as the sequence of occupation, job and position occupied during the course of a persons working life. Also marries et.al (1992) who suggest that career is the totality of meaningful of vocational and vocation involvement.

In essence, making choice of career in life is a very delicate issue that requires caution and serious consideration whenever, someone takes a course leading to a particular career, it usually affects one’s prospect and status in life and therefore should be decided with alot of caution. A major problem faced by many school leavers nowadays in Nigeria is the problem of choice of an appropriate profession. However they frequently find the child falling far short of their expectation. Parents should not alienate their children from following their chosen course of career because of their personal bias for or against any career. Bronfenbrenner (1995), affirmed that children from achievement-oriented homes excel in planning and performance, but they are also more tense domineering, aggressive and cruel.

Beside this, the influence parent has in the society today determines the ease of getting a job for the child as well as the ability of the child to enter into certain vocations especially those regarded as been pretigious. Holingshead (1999) confirmed this, he says that young adolescent who came from an upward mobile middle-class families have access to a number of different types of vocation. Business or professional friends of the parents and neighbors in influential position’s provide contacts which may be exploited in order to open up the desired types of opportunities. The children who are from families that are not in such category as above have no such opportunities. According to Olayinka must children were directly influenced by their achievement oriented. He says the pathway of role available to the child and hence his choice of career is either facilitated on inhibited to a great extent by the experiences that his parents make available to him. Alongside, certain vocations are regarded as been prestigious within the society, while some do not receive such recognition. Those occupation which are ranked high are usually referred to as prestigious and draw a large number of individual towards them. It is therefore not uncommon to find that students rush into these career regarded as prestigious and also parents influencing their children to enter into these careers. The statement was confirmed by Achebe (1972) Olayinka (1973) and Olugbe (1976). 2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The main focus of the study is to identify the various parent occupational status, the different types of parenting styles and how career can be chosen by students. The study will examine some variable like father’s occupational status, mothers occupational status, differences among the different types of parenting styles like autocratic, democratic and laizerfair and how male and female students choose their career. A number of student have been subjected to emotional strain and stress because of the way in which their career aspirations have been handled by their parents. Many have abandoned their academic career because of financial constraint on the part of the parent while some in these socially recognized careers have been forced to withdraw due to their inability to cope with the academic requirements of the course. While some others continue to change from one course to another due to societal pressure. Decision involved in making a career choice are made at a number of different points in the individual’s lifespan and that they constitute a continuous process which starts in childhood and ends in late adulthood” Super etal (1963).

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

It is my desire to find out the extent to which parents, friends, teachers among other factor interfere with the choice of career of school leaver in the counting and how the problem associated with it can be solved. If parents can allow children to determine the choice of their career the socio-economic life of the child and society at large will be improved. 4. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1. There is no significant difference between parenting styles and students’ choice of career. 2. There is no significant difference in what influences male and female students in their choice of career. 3. Father’s occupational has no significant influence on students choice of career. 4. Mother’s occupation has no significant influence on students choice of career.

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research work will have a great impact on parenting style and choice of career and also occupational status of parents i.e. father’s occupation and mother’s occupational and also what influences male and female students in choosing their career. The study will enable the agencies concerned with education of student and students themselves to realize the effect of parental involvement in student career choice. It is hoped therefore that this study will find out whether social economic status of parents or father’s and mother’s occupation influences the type of career pursued by school certificate learners in different tertiary institution. The finding will also bring awareness on the part of the parents or guardians who have to drop the idea of forcing their children or wards to pursue a particular career. And the result of this study would be of great value to vocational experts, parent, students, school board of tertiary institution and a host of others. Furthermore, the school administration through this study will know the importance of making use of the service of guidance counselor. Also administration should try as much as possible to provide necessary facilities for the guidance counselor. 6. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Career: This is defined as a calling demanding special preparation and undertaking as a life work. It refers to a particular profession for which one trains and which is undertaking as a permanent calling.
Occupation: This is defined as a group of similar jobs and position one engages in regularly especially as a result of training.
Choice: In this study, choice is defined as the process of selecting from any available alternative.
Income: This refers to gain which is measured in monetary term. It is the amount of such gain received by an individual in a period of time.
Socio-economic Status: This is referred and defined in this study as the factor used in determining an individual’s socio-economic status. The factors that will be used in this study are occupation, income and educational attainment.
Motivation: Dauda (1998) puts it as stimuli that brings about good result. It is act of provding an incentive for a person to satisfy a desire.

Family: is defined as a group of people related by blood adoption or birth. Family could also be explained as a unit, which consists of a man his life or wives and the children.

7. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

THEORETICAL REVIEW

Many researchers have made attempts to understand the motivation behind choosing career. Under this review the following sub topics will be discussed.
1. Types of parenting style and parenting style chart - Influence of parental socio-economic status on children career choice. - Role of parenting style - How family size influence the choice of a child’s career. - Relational context of career development. - Influence of sex, ethnicity or family type. - Family functioning and career development.

1. THEORETICAL REVIEW There are many ideas about how to rear children. Some parents adopt the ideas their own parent used. Others get advice from friends some read books about parenting. Other takes classes offered in the community. No one has all the answers. However, psychologists and other social scientist now know what parenting practices are most effective and more likely to lead to positive outcomes for children. For someone to have achieved so much may not necessarily be directly a result of high intelligent but the ability to identify and choose a good career. So many opportunities may have been offered to guide the correct choice of career. 2. TYPES OF PARENTING STYLE AND PARENTING STYLE CHART Parenting style can be grouped into four categories:
(i) INDULGENT PARENT: Also referred to as (PERMISSIVE OR NONDIRECTIVE) are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation Baumrand (1991 pg 62). Indulgent parents may be further divided into two types, democratic parents who through lenience, are more conscientious engaged and committed to the child and nondirective parents. Parents make few, if any, rules and the rules that they make are usually not consistently enforced. They don’t want to be tied down to routines. They want their children to feel free. They do not set clear boundaries or expectation for their children’s behaviour and tend to accept in a warm and loving way, however the child behaves. These parents give children as many choice as possible, even when the child is not capable of making good choices. They tend to accept a child’s behaviour, good or bad and make no comment about whether it is beneficial or not.
(ii) AUTHORITATIVE PARENT (also referred to as democratic parent): These parents are both demanding and responsive. They monitor and impact clear standards for children’s conduct. They are but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive rather than punite. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible and self-regulated as well as cooperative. Baumand (1991 p. 62). They help children learn to be responsible for themselves and to think about the consequences of their behaviour. Parents do this by providing clear, reasonable expectations for their children and explanations for why they expect their children to behave in a particular manner. They often, “try to catch their children being good” and reinforcing the good behaviour, rather than focusing on the bad. Parents who have a democratic style give choices based on a child’s ability for toddler, the choice may be “red shirt or stripped shirt”? For an older child, the choice might be “apple, orange or banana” parents guide children’s behaviour by teaching not punishing.
(iii) AUTHORITATIRAN PARENTS: Are highly demanding and directive but not responsive. “They are obedience and status oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation Baumrind (1991, p. 62). These parents provide well-ordered and structure environment with clearly stated rules. Authoritarian parents can be dived into two types: non-authoritarian directive, who are directive, but not intrusive or autocratic in their use of power and authoritarian directive who are highly intrusive.
(iv) UNINVOLVED PARENT: Are low in both responsiveness and demandingness. In extreme cases, this parenting style might encompass both rejecting, neglecting and neglectful parents, although most parents of this type fall within the normal range. Because parenting style is a typology, rather than a linear combination of responsiveness and demandingness, each parenting style is more than and different from the sum of its parts Baumrind (1991). In addition to differing on responsiveness and demandingness the parenting style also differ in the extent to which they are characterized by a third dimension psychological control. Psychological control “refers to control attempt that intrude into the psychological and emotional development of the child” Barber (1996 p. 329) through the use of parenting practices such guilt induction, withdrawal of love, or shamming. One key difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting is in the dimension of psychological control.

PARENTING STYLES CHART

|Parental Styles |Images or mctaphor |Parental attitude |Child’s response |
|Democratic and encouraging |Child is seen as equal |Accepts child’s uniqueness. |Feels security of love and |
| |integrated part of family, |Provides loves, respect and |acceptance. Experiences own |
| |cooperative and doing his |feeling of equality. |strength by conquering |
| |share. He is loved and |Encourages child to correct |difficulties. Finds |
| |accepted. Child is offered |mistakes and develop |satisfaction in achievement |
| |reasonable progressive |capacities. Guides and to |and contribution not afraid |
| |challenges and permitted to |find significance in |to try and fail sees world as|
| |develop at his own pace. |contribution |safe and friendly. |
|Over indulgent |Child at a receiving and of a|Showers the child with |Child is bored and |
| |cornucopia with goods and |presents, privileges and |indifferent. He loses |
| |services endlessly pouring |services with little regard |initiative and spontaneity. |
| |out. Child is passive, bored |for the child’s actual needs |Expects everything to come to|
| |and discontented in the midst| |him. Sees adults as providers|
| |of this indulgence. | |of pleasure and comfort |
|Over-submissive |Child sitting imperiously on |Submits to child’s whims, |Child insists on having his |
| |a throne, place there by |demand, temper and |demands fulfilled it as |
| |parents who blow low child is|impulsiveness – make child |tantrums ignores the right of|
| |active, impulsive and |the boss and become a slave |others, lack any sense of |
| |demanding |or servant cannot say no |limit. |
|Over coercive |Child is like a trained dog |Constant direction and |(a) Submission: submit to |
| |or stubborn donkey. Pushing |supervision. Endless |direction. Result in docile |
| |resistance cycle. |instructions and constant |obedience. |
| | |reminders. Overlystrict, tend|(b) Active rebellion: over |
| | |to drills |defiance. Result in verbal |
| | | |refusal. |
| | | |(c) Passive resistance |
| | | |dabbling, daydream. For |
| | | |getting result in covert |
| | | |devious rebellion. |
|Perfectionist |Child is a perpetual runner |Accepts child only when |Excessive striving and |
| |trying to go faster, but |performance is exceptional |preoccupation with |
| |never finishing the race. The|very high standards |performance cannot meet |
| |finish line keeps moving up. |impossible to please. |cannot meet standards, feel |
| |He is constantly trying to do| |unworthy, may give up (or |
| |better. | |develop physical symptoms |
| | | |such as ulcers) |
|Excessively |A giant child shouldering |Parent may help excessive |Child may carryout burden |
| |excessive responsibility |household, child care, or |resentfully missing normal |
| |blind to anything but work |companionship |childhood carefree play. |
| |and responsibility |responsibilities on child | |

3. INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON CHILDREN CAREER CHOICE Vocational choice is greatly influenced by the experience a child undergoes and the parents play an important role in directing the occupational choice of their children. The opportunities available to the child in his choice of career is either facilitated inhibited, to a large extent by the experience that his parents make available to him. According to Olayinka (2000) the child’s biological endowment in term of personality traits are transmitted to him inform of genetic inheritance. Also to a large extent parents determines the initial environment into which a child is born and provides for his needs. If the parent can afford a rich environment for the development of their child potentialities the child may be enhanced if provision such as medical care, proper feeding, toys, exercise and educational facilities are made and this could make the child to be available in the society. The societal attitude to careers generally is worthy of note here. Much is premium is usually placed on white collar jobs while the practical jobs or vocations are members of the society, they are bound to be affected by societal value and expectations. Parent tend to influence the choice of their children’s career. Pallone and Hurley (1998) and many love their children to go in for prestigious job like medicine, law, pharmacy, engineering and so forth without considering the personal characteristics of the students vis a vis the career in question. Family resources included not only information and contact with the necessary people, but also inform of capital and credit. The role played by capital in financing education and training and in setting up new business or professional enterprises need no elaboration. In MC Authur (1985) studies he analyze that the family to a large extent determine the career of its members through its economic interest affiliation and values. Researcher on occupational choice behaviour has found socio-economic status to be an important variable difference in occupational choice behaviour have also been apparent between boys and girls. There is no society of any degree of complexity in which the father’s position does not in anyway influence the child’s socio-economic position and in this respect position includes the occupation of the parents. But the extent of the influence various from society and from group to another. 4. HOW THE SIZE OF THE FAMILY INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF A CHILD’S CAREER The size of the family may affects career choice of students. The economic pressure on the large families are such that the children including the able one generally have to leave school early in order to bring in a wage and then seek for their higher education (if he attempt). Through the more trenous correspondent routes. But children from higher socio-economic status tend to grieve on poorly paid career as too low for them Olayinka (1990) noted that better educated and upwardly mobile individual with career carefully and appropriately chosen are likely to come from small families where children receive more attention, greater encouragement and interactive between parent and children. This may explain the reason why parents of high socio-economic status tend to have fewer children than their counterparts in socio-economic level. Ordinal position of the child in the family is another major parental factor that may influence and individual choice of career. The oldest child especially male has the greater chance of upward mobility because he receives the highest degree of responsibility training as the highest frequently of interaction with his parents and may be in charges of younger children and house cares as it typical in many Nigeria homes. 5. ROLE OF PARENTING STYLES Roe, an early theorist proposed that early childhood experiences plays an indirect role in shaping later career behaviour (Brown, Lum and Voyle (1997) she suggested that parent child relationship influence personality orientations and the development of psychological needs; vocational interest and choices are some of the ways in which individual try to satisfy those needs (ibid). although Osipow (1997) and others point out the difficulty of demonstrating links between parenting styles and vocational choices some research evidence is emerging. Parent style are broad patterns of child rearing practices, value and behaviours. Four types of parenting styles are indulgent more responsive than demanding, authoritarian highly demanding and directive but not responsive, authoritative both demanding and responsive, and lastly uninvolved low in responsiveness and demandingness. Darling (1999). The authoritative style balances clear, high expectation with emotional support and recognition of children’s autonomy. Studies have associated this style with self-confidence, persistence, social competence, academic success and psychosocial development Bior (1997); Strage and Brandit (1999). Authoritative parents provide a warm exploration on the part of children kracke (1997). Although Authoritatrian parenting is associated with school success, pressures to confirm and fulfill parents’ expectation regarding education and career can cause a poor fit between the individual and the chosen career as well as estranged family relationship and poor mental health way and Rossman (1996a). Families with uninvolved or inactive parents “seen unable to function well either because they cannot set guidness or because they do not pursue interests that involve places and persons outside the family”. This makes it more difficult for children to develop self knowledge and differentiate their own career goals from their parent goal. 6. RELATIONAL CONTEXT OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT If the concept of career is considered a social construction, then one of the ways in which children form this concept is through social relationships. Parent’s influence on career development stem form the continuous process of relationship with their children Young et al (1997). Analyzing career-related conversation between adolescents and their parents, Young et al (1997) found “a reconstruction of the relationship between the parent and the adolescent through some aspect of career exploration” (p. 76). Their research demonstrates “how relationships and family functioning are embedded in career conversations and how the construction of career occurs in families (p. 84). Ketterson and Bustein (1997) also support the relational context of career development. They cite research demonstrating that secure parent-child relationship are associated with progress in career decisions making, affirmative career, self-efficacy beliefs and career planfulness. Their study found that students who have secure attachments to parents engage in greater levels of environmental and self-explanatory activity. They conclude that secure, comfortable relationship are critical in helping students take the risk necessary in exploring new setting and roles. Way and Rossmann (1996 a,b) explore the question of differences in individuals ability to make successful career transitions. Their research used an ecological system perspective to show how development is influenced by relationships with others and with the environment. Their interviews with youth and adults identified a proactive family interaction style that significantly contributes to career readiness. Proactive families: • Are well organized, cohesive and expressive. • Speak their mind and manage conflict positively. • Seek out ways to grow. • Are sociable. • Make decisions through democratic negotiation. • Encourage individual development. • Are emotionally engaged. Using an authoritative parenting style, proactive parents help children learn to be autonomous and successful in shaping their own lives. They also transmit values about work and teach important lessons in decision-making, work habits, conflict resolution and communication skills, which are the foundation career success. Of course, family systems interest and interact with other systems such as gender, race and class. Poverty, lack of access to opportunities, and gender role expectations can hamper the career development process. However, the work of Altman (1997), Bloir (1997), Blustein (1997) Fisher and Griggs (1994) shows how close family connections and strong role models can be facilitative factors in confronting these. 7. INFLUENCE OF SEX, ETHNICITY OR FAMILY TYPE It is important to distinguish between differences in the distribution and the correlates of parenting style in different sub-populations. Although in United State authoritative parenting is most common among intact, middle class families of European descent, the relationship between authoritativeness and child outcomes is quite similar access groups. There are some exceptions to this general state, however; 1. Demandingness appears to be less critical to girls than to boys well-being. Weiss & Schwarz (1996) and 2. Authoritative parenting predicts good psychosocial outcomes and problem behaviours for adolescents in all ethnic groups studied. (African, Asian, European and Hispanic Americans) Steinberg, Darling & Fletcher (1995) Chao (1994) and others Darling & Steinberg (1993) have argued that observed ethnic differences in the association of parenting style with child outcomes may be due to difference in social context, parenting practices, or the cultural meaning of specific dimensions of parenting style. 8. FAMILY FUNCTIONING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT Overall family functioning, a broader concept that encompasses parenting style, includes such factor as parental support and guidance positive or negative environment influences family members’ interactive styles Altman (1997). Family functioning has a greater influence on career development than either family structure (size, birth order, number of parents) or parents’ educational and occupational status. Fisher and Griggs (1994); Trusty, Walts and Erdman (1997). Parental support and guidance can include specific career or educational suggestions as well as experience that is directly support career development, such as family vacations, provision of resources such as books and modeling of paid and non paid work roles Altman (1997). The absence of support, guidance and encouragement can lead to “floundering” the inability to develop and pursue a specific career focus. Lack of support can also take the form of conflict, when a parents pressures a child towards, a particular career and may withdraw financial and emotional support for a career path not of the parents choosing. Family functioning also includes the response to circumstances such as poverty, alcohdism, marital instability and illness or death of family member. Sometimes an individual may respond to a stressful or negative family environment by making hasty. Unreflective career choices in an attempt to escape or survive. On the other hand, critical life events can spur a transformative learning experience that may shape a career and life directive. Fisher and Giggs (1994). Interactions between parents and children and among siblings are a powerful influence. Interactions can include positive behaviour such as showing support and interest and communicating openly or negative behaviours such as pushing and controlling. Way and Rossman (1996a). By sharing workplace stories, expressing, concern for children’s future, and modeling work behaviours. Parents serves as a control for interpreting the realities of work. Parent-child connectedness facilities risk taking and exploration, which are needed for identify formation in general as well as for the formation vocational identity. Atlman (1997); Blustein (1997). Sibling can be a source of challenge and competition and a basis for comparison of abilities, thus providing on context for identity formation. Altman (1997). Because career development is a lifelong process. “Family of origin continues to have an influence through the lifespan”. Understanding early family experiences and relationships can help adults identify barriers to their career progress.
1.7.9 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL PRESTIGE ON CAREER CHOICE OF CHILDREN Education is discussed first because it is the main vehicle for affecting any change, and talk about career planning should recognize education as the spring broad. As Gesinde (1997) observed, the heart of the long process of preparing young people for life and work is centered in educational system. To obtained the desired changes in educational orientations are required. Much emphasis is placed on liberal education, which does not give much room for flexibility and diversification. Children who grew up in families where the mother is highly educated were precipitated and encourage into choosing occupation that are prestigious or demand in ability. It was found that high parental education encouraged children in their career choice. In a society with a tradition of upward mobility, this means that children of parent from lower socio-economics level tended to aspires to occupation which were higher than those of their parent, while those who came from more privileged tends to have preferences for vocations which were at the same relative high level as those their parents. This meant that boys and girls from privileged levels are likely to have no race model in the family and few family activities related to their vocational choieces. 8. EMPERICAL REVIEW Ginberg believe that career choice is a development process involving series of decisions taken over many years. This theorist believes that a number of factors like socio-economic value and personal attribution can affect career choice. According to him, career development occurs in clearly marked stages. They advanced in three stages, which an individual should walk to mark a vocational choice. These stages run from childhood to the middle 20s when the individual settles for a career.
STAGES OF GINZBERG CAREER DEVELOPMENT A. Fantasy stage 0-10 years: the child at this stage does not know much about vocation. Adult who would like to be a doctor today many like to be a lawyer tomorrow. There is no actual sense of attention paid to potentials, realities, abilities or some factors that can help determine the career choice of the individual. B. Tentative stage (11-18 years): this stage is subdivided into four namely, Interest stage 11-12 years. The choice of a career at this stage is based on interest. Other factors like the child’s potentials and abilities are not seriously considered at this stage in choosing an occupation. Capacity stage 12-14 years: The capacity stage takes the child to a mature height and makes it possible for the child to realize that in addition to interest the knowledge of self, world of work and the integration of both are very important in career choice. Value stage 15-16 years the value stage draws the individual outside himself, he now considers in addition to self, the notion of service to the society. Transition stage 17-18 years means the change from one level to another. C. Realistic Stage (18-22years): This is subdivided into: i) Exploration stage individual at this stage is still exploring this explains why some individual change area after their first year at the university. ii) Crystalization Stage: The decision to get deeply involved in a major commitment to an occupational field takes place at this stage. iii) Specification stage mark the final point of career development during which individual opts for a specific occupation. Based on their development approach Ginzberg and associates postulate that three conditions are necessary before the actual implementation of vocational preferences can occur. a) Increasing age. b) Increasing awareness of hindrance on his way to the prepared occupation. c) Increasing awareness of his need to shift expectations in adjustment to the reality facing him.
IMPLICATION OF GINTBERG THEORY
(i) Realistic vocational choices emerge with age that is, realistic vocational choice emerges as the individual grows older or advances.
(ii) It is also evident that occupational choice is a process that is systematic predictable and that occupational choice culminate in an eventual decision to enter a specific occupation.
(iii) Experiences should be arranged for children that will facilitate their progress through whatever stage they happen to be in. the theory would help counselors know the problems that children are likely to face at any stage of his career and be able to prepare ways of solving the problems. To Davidson and Anderson (1990) and Miller and Form (1981) found out that the children of unskilled workers tend to enter unskilled jobs, although some could rise in the scale while the children of business and professional tend to enter business and professions. These researchers indicated that the mental ability inherited and environmental factors are reasons for this trend. In this study “Analysis of the value of college students from upper and middle class homes. Mc Arthur (1985) support the fact that parental socio-economic status influences the choice of the child’s career, especially when its motivates the child to take his parents as role models. Donvan and Rosen (1986) also in the work titled “achievement motivation in relation to socio-economic status” supports the fact that socio-economic status of parent affects the achievement of the child. Ogunlade (1993) shows the extent to which parent educational attainment or lack of it affects their children’s educational attainment. He found out that the child from literates home had better academic achievement than the child from illiterates homes. The reason he adduced for this is that the child from literate homes has better motivation and also the parents serves as role models for him. Strong (1997) in his study on parent child occupational cognizance discovered that the vocational interest of father and sons are related. He reported a correlation of 29 between scores of sons and that of father’s on a 20 scale of his test. For Werts (1991) who carried out a study on comparison between the father’s occupation and the son’s occupational choice, certain group of occupation such as medicine, physical sciences and social sciences are inherited by the son from the fathers. In his study on factors influencing similarities in parent-child occupational choice. Olayinka (1992) found out that the family standard and social status are important factor influencing similarities in parent child occupational choice. He pointed out that it will be very difficult to see a child whose father is a lawyer and mother a pharmacist to become a carpenter. Yet there would be less pressure on a child whose father is a tailor and mother a cleaner on his choice of occupation or career of the parent especially the father influences high school children’s aspiration. He found that the higher the father’s occupational level, the higher also the career aspiration of their children. For Odebunmi (1990) prestige is related to career aspiration of students. He however stated that educational attainment of parents sometimes do not affect the career choice of the individual. Diraso K. (1993) stated that those from rich parent aspire more to these prestigious career because of information they get from their parents, while the parent that are poor receives no information from outside for their children as regard those career. Therefore, many of them don’t enter into these career that fit them. He says that both male and female students aspire to these career regarded as prestigious. Futhermore, Owaso says that students choice of career are based on occupational information received from the parents. Here therefore says that parents, socio-economic, parenting style and occupation have a lot of influence on the choice of career. However, he said that since career of interest of parent may be different from those of their children, the choice of career would then be limited to only those that the parents are interested in or those they have information about. He said most student aspire to get occupation that are higher or the same those of their parents especially the rich ones.
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, we have looked at the nature and definition of career from the perspective of different authors and we have arrived at a comprehensive definition of career as a life long calling which involves the training of an individual in a profession, the act of entering such profession, progressing on it and then making a living out of the profession. Also we have looked at parenting style as it provides a robust indicator of parenting functioning that predicts child well being across a wide spectrum of environments and across diverse communities where there are children. Emperical research studies by some researchers on career choice was also received. The authors identified factors such as implementation of an individuals self concept, the traits and personality possessed by an individual, the attitude of parent to the child that is, parenting style, prestige nature of a career, parent socio-economic status, the occupation and educational attainment of parents and also family size as primary factor that influence career choice of an individual. The effect of these factors and some others on both parent and children were all discussed.
CHAPTER TWO
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the research design, sample and sampling techniques, population, research instrument procedure for data collection and method of data analysis. 2. RESEARCH DESIGN The research employed a descriptive survey to determine the parent occupational status and parenting style as motivational factor for students choice of career in Ijebu North Local Government area of Ogun State. 3. POPULATION The population of this study comprises of all the parents and students in the secondary school in Ijebu North Local Government area of Ogun State. 4. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES The sample for this study were six hundred respondents. Two hundred and eighty (280) parents and three hundred and twenty students (320) from public secondary schools in Ijebu-North Local Government Area of Ogun State were randomly selected. 64 students were selected each from five (5) schools. The respondents were selected using simple randomly selected techniques. The randomly selected schools were 1. Ago-Iwoye Secondary School, Ago-Iwoye. 2. Methodist Comprehensive High School, Ago-Iwoye. 3. Molusi Comprehensive High School, Ijebu-Igbo. 4. Itamerin Comprehensive High School, Oru-Ijebu. 5. Ijebu-Igbo Senior girls Grammar School, Ijebu-Igbo. 5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The researcher adopted motivation for occupation preference scale (mops) developed by C.G.M Bakare. The mops has two parts.
Part 1: This part measure the demographic status of the respondents.
Part 2: This part of the instrument contain 16 items using a 5 point likert scale responses ranging from No Important (NI), Little Important (LI) – 2, Average Important (AI) – 3, Considered Important (CI) – 4, and Extremely Important (EI) – 5. The Parenting Style Scale (PSS) has 30 items but 15 items were picked from the scale. The sale is a 5 point likert scale responses ranging from Strongly Disagree (SD), Disagree (D), Neutral (N), Agree (A), and Strongly Agree (SA). 6. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS THE instrument titled MOPS AND PSS were constructed and designed by experts in psychometric properties and psychology for a standardized survey for face validation in which the items were scrutinized for internal constituency. The reliability of the instrument fielded a positive coefficient ratio of r = H; r = 0.83 Cronbach alpha for PSS and MOPS respectively.

2.7 PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION All the selected schools that is secondary schools in Ijebu-North Local Government Area were visited and permission was granted from the school authority. The selected subjects were made to concentrate on the questionnaire distributed to them. Instructions and examples were given in the instrument to serves as a guide. The respondents were allowed to fill the instrument without intervention and after about thirty five minutes the questionnaire were collected back and treated under strict confidentiality
2.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The data collected from the respondents were scored and analyzed using t-test statistical procedure to find a genuine response about the study.
CHAPTER THREE
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 1. RESULTS OF FINDINGS Having returned from the field, the data obtained were coded in line with the variables under study and were subsequently used to test the hypothesis earlier set. The result of analyses are presented as follow.
HYPOTHESIS ONE There is no significance difference in the influence of parenting styles on students’ choice of career
COMPARISON IN THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE ON STUDENTS’ CHOICE OF CAREER
| |Sum of squares |Df |Mean Square |F |Sig. |
|Between Groups |223.301 |2 |11.651 |3.741 |.024 |
|Within Groups |17609.231 |590 |29.846 | | |
|Total |17832.533 |592 | | | |

The table shows that f-value (3.741) which is significant at 0.05 (p < 0.05). This shows that there is significant difference in the influence of parenting styles on students’ choice of career. The table below shows where the difference lies.
MULTIPLE COMPARISONS
| |Mean | | | |
| |Difference | | |95% Confidence Interval |
|(I)STYLE (J) STYLE |(I-J) |Std.Error |Sig. |Lower Bound Upper Bound |
|Laize-fair Democratic |.58 |.61 |.631 |-.91 |2.07 |
|Autocratic |-83 |.66 |.461 |-2.45 |.80 |
|Democratic Laize-fair |-.58 |.61 |.631 |.2.07 |.91 |
|Autocratic |-1.41* |.52 |.024 |.2.68 |-.14 |
|Autocratic Laize-fair |.83 |.66 |.461 |-.80 |2.45 |
|Democratic |1.41* |.52 |.024 |.14 |2.68 |

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. From the table, there is no significant difference between the influence of Laize-fair and democratic styles of parenting on students’ career choice (p > 0.05) and no significant difference between Laize-fair and autocratic styles of parenting on student’s choice of career (p > 0.05), significant difference occur between autocratic and democratic styles of parenting on students’ choice of career. Which of these styles has more influence on the students’ choice of career? This is explained on the plots below.

The autocratic is having the most influence on students’ choice of career, followed by Laize-fair and democratic is the least. This result may be so due to the fact that autocratic use force in carrying out anything and since the students are still under authority, majority may yield to what their parents say.
HYPOTHESIS TWO There is no significant difference in what influences male and female students’ in their choice of career.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE
CHOICE OF CAREER
|Gender |N |x |Sd |Df |t |Sig. |
|Male |254 |44.78 |5.66 | | | |
| | | | |591 |0.425 |.0671 |
|Female |339 |44.59 |5.36 | | | |

The table shows a t-value (0.425) which is not significant at 0.05 (p > 0.05). It follows that there is no significant difference in what influences male and female students’ in choice of career. This implies that gender does not influence factors that influence choice of career.
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES TEST
| |Levene’s Test | |
| |for Equality of | |
| |Variances |t-test for Equality of Means |
| | | | | |Sig. |
| | | | | |(2-tailed)|
| |F |Sig. |t |Df | |
|Between Groups |1761.365 |3 |587.122 |21.518 |.000 |
|Within Groups |16071.168 |589 |27.286 | | |
|Total |17832.533 |592 | | | |

From the table, father’s occupation has significant influence on students’ choice of career (f = 21.518), p < 0.05). This implies that the career choice of the students depend on the occupation of their fathers.

| |Mean | | | |
| |Difference | | |95% Confidence Interval |
|(I)FAOCCU (J) FAOCCU |(I-J) |Std.Error |Sig. |Lower Bound Upper Bound |
|Trading Clerk |-3.03* |.59 |.000 |-4.69 |-1.39 |
|Manager |.95 |.60 |.476 |-.74 |2.65 |
|Director |-.43 |.82 |.965 |-2.72 |1.87 |
|Clerk Trading |3.03* |.59 |.000 |1.38 |4.69 |
|Manager |-3.99* |.52 |.000 |2.54 |5.44 |
|Director |2.61* |.76 |.008 |.48 |4.73 |
|Autocratic Trading |.43 |.82 |.965 |-1.87 |2.72 |
|Clerk |-2.61* |.76 |.008 |-4.73 |-48 |
|Manager |1.38 |.77 |.357 |-.77 |3.53 |

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. The table shows that significant difference occurred between clerk and (trading manager and director), no significant difference between trading and (manager and director) on which of the occupation influences most. This is explained on the plots below.

From the plots, clerk has the most influence, followed by the director, then trading and manager are the last.
HYPOTHESIS FOUR Mother’s occupation has no significant influence on students’ choice of career.
| |Sum of squares |Df |Mean Square |F |Sig. |
|Between Groups |499.163 |4 |124.791 |4.233 |.002 |
|Within Groups |17333.370 |588 |29.479 | | |
|Total |17832.533 |592 | | | |

The table shows that mother’s occupation has significant influence on students’ choice of career (f= 4.23, p < 0.05). This implies that career choice of the students depend on their mother’s occupation.
| |Mean | | | |
| |Difference | | |95% Confidence Interval |
|(I)MOOCCU (J) MOOCCU |(I-J) |Std.Error |Sig. |Lower Bound Upper Bound |
|Trading Clerk |-.30 |.59 |.992 |-2.13 |1.52 |
|Manager |.90 |.77 |.845 |-1.46 |3.27 |
|Director |2.51 |.99 |.169 |-.54 |5.57 |
|Others |3.14 |1.41 |.294 |-.1.22 |4.50 |
|Clerk Trading |.30 |.59 |.992 |-1.52 |2.13 |
|Manager |1.21 |.65 |.478 |-.79 |3.20 |
|Director |2.82* |.90 |.045 |4.05E-02 |5.60 |
|Others |3.44 |1.35 |.166 |-.73 |7.62 |
|Manager Trading |-.90 |.77 |.845 |-3.27 |1.46 |
|Clerk |-1.211* |.65 |.478 |-3.20 |.79 |
|Manager |1.61 |1.02 |.649 |-1.55 |4.77 |
|Others |2.24 |1.44 |.659 |-2.20 |6.67 |
|Director Trading |-2.51 |.99 |.169 |-5.57 |.54 |
|Manager |-2.82* |.90 |.045 |-5.60 |-4.05E-02 |
|Director |-1.61 |1.02 |.649 |-4.77 |1.55 |
|Others |.63 |1.57 |.997 |-4.21 |5.47 |
|Others Trading |-3.14 |1.41 |.294 |-7.50 |1.22 |
|Manager |-3.44 |1.35 |.166 |-7.62 |.73 |
|Director |-2.24 |1.44 |.659 |-6.62 |2.20 |
|Others |-63 |1.57 |.997 |-5.47 |4.21 |

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. From the table, the significant difference is between clerk and director (p < 0.05) and no significant difference among the rest.

The plots show that clerk has the most influence, followed by trading, manager, director and others is the least.
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION OF RESULT, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. DISCUSSION This chpater tends to unveil and show the discussion of the result of findings. From the results obtained, it could be said that most of the objectives of the researcher have been evaluated and that most of the assumptions of the present work got some confirmation. The assumptions are now discussed one after the other or hypothesis by hypothesis. Hypothesis one states that, there is no significant difference between the influence of laize-fair and democratic styles of parenting on students’ career choice and no significance difference between laize-fair and authocratic styles of parenting on students’ choice of career. While significant differences occurs between autocratic and democratic styles of parenting on students’ choice of career. This implies that in all, the parenting styles there is signficant difference in the influence of parenting style on students’ choice of career. In essence among the three parenting style we have it was observed that autocratic type of parenting style has most influence on students, and this may be due to their forceful way of doing things. Autocratic parent provide well-ordered and structured environment with clearly stated rules. Their children are obedient and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obyed without explanation. That is, they give orders and nobody dare tries to question their authority. This is clearly displayed on the graph plotted in the previous chapter. This kind of parent choose their children career for them, because they know and believe that choosing career for their children will not make them to be misled by any circumstance. The next type of parenting style that follows is the laize-fair type of parenting style according tot eh result. This can also be called called the indulgent parenting style. They are permissive, nondirective and more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, they do not require mature behaviour, it allows considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (Baumrind 1991, p. 62). They allow their children to choose whatever career that pleases them and give assistance where necessary. While the last parenting style based on this study with the least number of graph is the democratic parenting style. This type of parenting style are both demanding and responsive. “They monitor and impart clear standard for their children’s conduct; they are assortive, but not intrusive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible and self-regulated as well as cooperative. Baumrind (1991, p. 62). Children and adolescent whose parent are democratic in nature rate themselves and are rated by objective measures as more socially and instrumentally competent than those whose parents are non-democratic. Baumrind (1991), Weiss and Schwarz (1996) Miller et al (1993). Hypothesis two states that, ther is no significant difference in what influences male and female studetns in choice of career. This implies that gender does not influence students choice of career. Once a male and female from the same social background, trained in the same manner, definitely they will both perform in the same way toward certain. According to Demachi and Diejonah (1998), societies are to define different economic and social roles for the sexes. For instance, women or girls are generally perceived to possess weak nautre and they cannot carryout strenous activities, hence they are traditionally set up for domestic work such as food preparation, although that was in the olden days, but now it is a different case. In a family where the parents are of high socio-economic background and can afford to send their children to a private schoola dn can employ the services of private teachers so it is therefore expected that both male and female from this background will perform in the same way and their career will be chosen the same way. This is also applicable to male and female whose parent are from low socio-economic background, this means that once the male and female comes from low social background their career will also be chosen the same way. This may not necessarily be that the boy is choosing to be a doctor, the girl also must be a doctor; but rather they will both choose higher career like one may become a lawyer and the other an archititect. The third hypotheses states that, fathers’ occupation has signfiicant influence on studetns choice of career. This implies that the career choice of the students depend on the occupation of their fathers. Critically looking at the result obtained from this study, and the graph is clearly shows that, fathers occupation has a great influence on the career their children will choose. From the result again we could see that fathers work job is clerk has upper influence on their children, this is because fathers who work under people who tend to be younger than them in age will not want the samething to happen to their children. So they will do everything possible within their capacity to strive and make sure their children choose good career which will be useful to the children themselves, their parent and the society at large. For instance a father whose job is a gateman would not want his child to do the same job. Likewise is a father whose job is a lawyer, would not want his child to take up a job that is of a low prestige than his own job. But rather he would want him to take up the job that is more better and highly prestigious. Prescott (1997) asserted that most parent especially fathers their children highly nd are eager to see them grow in knowledge and skills through their school experience before choosign career. They are also concerned about their children’s health and intested in their rate of physical maturing. They want them to be well liked by their playmates and to be successful in all they do. Character development including learning a sound, code and thnics, acceptable patterns of courtesy, social responsibility and dlilegence are their great concern. The last hypothesis on this study states that, mothers occupation has significant influence on students’ choice of careeer. This implies that career choice of the students depednds on their mothers occupation. As it was in the case of father so is it in mother’s case. No matter what, no mother would want her child to be salve un der anybody a she is doing. This finding tallies with the postulation of ann Roc (1993) and Durajaiye (1993) on the influence of income on the type of occupation chosen by an individual. The relationship between the income level of parents and the choice of career can be explained along the lines of the amout needed to educate a child nowadays. Although they say rich people send their children to good school for qualitative education. So also do we still have some parents that are not rich but yet they send their children to good school, having had the experience of not been well educated. Mothers who had suffered and had experience a lot working either as a clerk or any lower position would not want the same to happen to her children even if she has noone to assit her. She will do everything within her power to make sure she gives her children the best and make them become somebody in future. 2. CONCLUSION With the result of this findings, one can say that different parenting styles has a significant difference on the influence on choice of career of a child, which means the different parenting styles influence children differently. Father and mother’s occupation has significant influence on their children because no father or mother will be slave and would want the same for their children. So also will there be no father or mother would be lawyer and doctor and will want their children to be carpenter and plumber. It is therefore concluded that the occupation of both parent based on experiences will have positive influence on their children career choice. Lastly, our findigns revealed that, no matter the gender of a child, be it male or female it makes no difference in what influences male and female students in their choice of career. That is, it does not matter.the gender of a child in as much they are from the same background their career will be chosen the same way. 3. RECOMMENDATION The result of the finding makes it necessary to call on various bodies that are concerned in career guidance of student to eradicate factors affecting choice of career. The first recommendation goes to the parent. They should take note of their parenting style, by not imposing or forcing their own choice of career on their children. Where there is need for them to be democratic, they should be. Where they ought to be authocratic they should be and where there is need for them to be indulgent or laize-fair, they should also be. They should be mindful of everything they do especially when their children will be choosing career. It should not be forceful. Parent should also try as much as possible to give affection to their children and create time to stay with them and advice properly. The second recommendation goes to the government. Government should recognize the importance of guidance and counselling service in the schooling system. They are to train people to facilitate both psychological and emotional needs of the students so that the students can adequately make the right choice of career. The third recommendation is to the school teachers. Teachers should understand the fact that all the students are brought up from different home background. Therefore, they should attend to each students according to his or her needs irrespective of their gender or family background. Hence they should be treated equally. The student too has a lot to do, they are advised to always remember their various background by not disappointing their parent, teacher, government and the society at large. They should realize the purpose for which they are been sent to school. And to also know their ability when, it come to choosing career. So as to be able to achieve that high prestigious goal their parent aim for them and not get influenced negatively by any circumstances. 4. LIMITATION OF STUDY It actually took some time before this research work could be concluded because of time of travelling from one place to another and time of consulting analyst from time to time to get matreials needed for writing this project. As a result of time and finance this research sample was a standardized one and 600 students and parents were randomly used. 5. SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY This research work has been concerned with occupational status of parent and parenting style as motivational factor for students choice of career in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State secondary school and some parents. The researcher would want other future researcher to take a step further by using other local government areas of Ogun State or even Lagos State, higher institutions of learning can also be used.
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Way, W.L., and Rossman, M.M. (1996): Learning to work, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1996 (ED 391 885).
Weiss, L.H. & Schwarz JC. (1996): The Relationship between parenting types and older adolescents personality academic achievement, adjustment and substance use, child development, 67(5), 2100-2114.
Young, R.A., Valach L: Paseluikho, M. Dover, C., Matthes, G.E.; Paproski, D.L., and Sankey, A.M. (1997): “The Joint Action of Parents and Adolescents in Conversation about Career “Career Development Quarterly 46, No. 1, Pp. 72-86, (EJ 556 550).

-----------------------
45.8

45.6

45.4

45.2

45.0

44.8

44.6

44.4

44.2

44.0

Laize-fair

Democratic

Autocratic

.

.

.

STYLE

Mean of Choice of Career

Mean of Choice of Career

.

48

47

46

.

.

45

.

44

43

Manager

Clerk

Director

Trading

42

FAOCCU

46

45

44

43

41

42

Trading

Clerk

Director

.

MOOCCU

Mean of Choice of Career

Manager

.

.

.

Others

References: Achebe C.C. (1972): Vocational Aspiration of Secondary School Student in some selected States in the Eastern part of Nigeria. Unpublished M.Edthesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Altman J.H. (1997): “Career Development in the Context of Family Experience” in Diversity and Women’s Career Development from Adolescence to Adulthood, edited by Helen S. Farmer pp.229-242. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. Barber, B.K. (1996): Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a neglected construct child Development, 67(6) 3296-3319. Baumrind O. (1989): Rearing Competent Children in W. Damen (Ed.) child development today and tomorrow (pp.349-378), San Francisco Jossery-Bass. Blustein D.L. (1997): “Career Development”, Quarterly 45, no 3 (March 1997): 260-274, (EJ 551-754). Brembecks (1995): Social Foundation of Education: New York, John W. Brown M.T., J.K. and Voyle K. 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