G. Parkinson’s disease is causing Annette’s muscles to become increasingly rigid or hypertonic. Maintenance of normal muscle tone is controlled by which part of Annette’s brain?…
Parkinson’s Disease Discussion Paper . Watch the video, My Father, My Brother, and Me; Understanding Parkinson’s a Frontline presentation. After viewing the video, read through the PBS Frequently Asked Questions.…
The nervous system is susceptible to many disease and disorders. Nervous system degenerative diseases are those where neurons, parts of neurons, or any part of the nervous system become damaged and die. The purpose of this study…
Limousin, P., & Martinez-torres, I. (2008). Deep brain stimulation for parkinson 's disease. Neurotherapeutics, 5(2), 309-19. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2008.01.006…
So coming back to the question of understanding the physiological parameters and their attribution being measured, the nerve cells regarding the CNS and the brain exist in a polarised state between -70m.V. and -110m.V. with an exact cell potential within the range showing the cell to be vulnerable to the stimulus that would give an outcome of regenerative breakdown. All cells within a formation rest at a normal polarised level of -90m.V. For example; if one cell was to depolarise from an external stimulus, the depolarisation will begin to affect the adjoining cells next to it causing a synapses between cells resulting in a change of the resting potential. If the resting potential is increased, a breakdown of the cell membrane will not occur and the impulse can be defined as taking an inhibitory effect. If the impulse arriving at the synapses reduces the resting potential, then this allows the cell to be more vulnerable of depolarisation and the impulse will have an excitatory effect on the…
Parkinson’s Disease is a long-term progressive disease of the central nervous system and early on in the disease, the symptoms may include muscle rigidity, tremors and changes in one’s speech. It gets worse as it goes on, and there are not any cures for it but there are ways to help relieve the symptoms and help make it a little easier for people living with the disease. People don’t really know the causes of this disease, but they say it could have something to do with one’s genes and their environmental triggers. In the article, “Weight Change Is a Characteristic Non-Motor Symptom in Drug-Naïve Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Non-Tremor Dominant Subtype: A Nation-Wide Observational Study” by a numerous amount of authors, the topic of this is that they had some PD patients and compared their Non-Motor Symptoms between Parkinson’s Disease subtypes.…
The stimulus is measured in volts, and its role is to cause depolarization of the muscle…
Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term for two different diagnoses. It is a combination of both Parkinson’s Disease Dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodys (1). Pathologically it is defined by the presence of alpha synuclein containing Lewy bodies in the brain, however their distribution differs from that in Parkinson’s Disease, affecting the limbic system and brainstem, in contrast to the nigrostriatal and brainstem predominant pattern seen in early Parkinson’s Disease (AA).…
Nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. Parkinson 's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of…
Parkinson’s disease, also known as idiopathic or primary Parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome/HRS, or paralysis agitans is a problem in the nerve cells. According to the Parkinson’s disease Foundation the nerve cells start to break down and die, which leads to the loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine. When the dopamine is gone it causes abnormal brain activity, which leads to Parkinson’s. Dopamine sends signals to the part of the brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson’s, these nerve cells break down causing an individual to have trouble moving the way they want to.…
The human Body is a very complex organism. It is composed of many different organs systems, which are vital for the body to function properly. They work with one another in order to carry out daily life activities and maintain the body’s proper functions. Among these organ systems lies one of the most important, the nervous system. The nervous system functions as the control center of the body, and it is in charge of the activities of the rest of the organs systems and the body’s components (Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K.). It helps the body communicate external environmental factors via electrical impulses that are transmitted through cells called neurons. These neurons can be up to a meter long and target a specific effector which it will help…
Diabetes Specialist Nurses Diabetes Specialist nurse helps people self-manage their diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes usually see both a practice nurse at their local GP’s in addition to a diabetes specialist nurse who will provide additional support and advice. A diabetes specialist nurse has accountability for prescribing common medicines for people with diabetes. Managing diabetes isn’t always easy and your needs may change over time as the condition progresses. Services are tailored to patient need.…
Parkinson disease is a gradually progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Parkinson disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. There are four characteristic problems caused by Parkinson disease, including tremor at rest, balance problems, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Parkinson disease occurs when areas of the brain, including an area called the substantia nigra, is slowly destroyed. The exact reason for this destruction is not completely known. In some patients, it may be due to genetic, environmental, or a combination of both causes. The end result is a deprivation in the brain of an important neurochemical, called dopamine. Dopamine helps regulate movement, and its loss leads to increased tone, rigidity, and slowness of movement. Lack of dopamine results in the symptoms associated with Parkinson disease .Approximately 50,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson disease every year. 95% of those diagnosed are over 50 years old. At any given time, about 500,000 people, or 1% of those over age 50 in the US are struggling with this condition. Diagnosis of Parkinson disease is a clinical one, based on history and physical examination. There are no lab tests to definitively diagnose the condition. Your doctor will ask about your medical history and perform a thorough physical exam. A systematic neurological exam will include testing your reflexes and observing things like muscle strength throughout your body, coordination, balance, and other details of movement, including:…
When someone is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease it means that there is a dysfunction occurring in that person’s Basal Ganglia. The Basal Ganglia are nuclei that are interconnected with other cortical and subcortical structures. They are located deep to the cerebral cortex and are superior to the brainstem. The issue with Parkinson’s disease is that there is a disturbance between the two pathways of the Basal Ganglia. A lesion to the Substantia Nigra par compacta causes the disruption between the direct and indirect pathway; destruction of this type of neural tissue results in the lack of production of dopamine and the inability to excite the neurons in the direct pathway and inhibit the neurons of the indirect pathway. Due to the over-excitement…
“MEMPOT”© is an interactive graphical simulation program that is designed to show how cell membrane potentials are measured with microelectrodes in the laboratory situation. The simulation shows how the membrane potential depends on the external potassium, [K+]o and external sodium, [Na+]o concentrations and the relative permeability of the membrane to these ions. The program simulates membrane potential measurements in any excitable cell permeable to K+ and Na+ ions (e.g., nerve or muscle).…