Paul

-------------------------------------------------
PASSWORDS
* Special Passwords
In versus mode, enter the following info to get the desired effect: Effect | Password | Boss: High Abbott (appears in invisible box in lower right-hand corner) | J Rubin, Jan 6 1970 | Boss: Kull (appears in invisible box in lower right-hand corner) | A Gavin, Jun 11 1970 | Character: Black Dragon | Eyvern, March 9, 1927 | Character: Gulab Jamun | Gulab, February 29, 1900 | Character: Major Trouble | Bad Boy, February 4, 1908 | Character: VooDoo | Evil, June 6, 1966 | Stage: Alley Fight | TUGAWAR, APRIL 16, 1964 | Stage: Garden Stage | TAJ MAHAL, JANUARY 1, 1901 | Stage: Psychedelic Caves | PARANOID, MAY 5, 1975 | Stage: Turbo World | SPEED, AUGUST 8, 1980 |

Disadvantages of a Microprocessor *

Microprocessors cannot process analog signals directly.
Found in a personal computer's chip or embedded in smaller devices, a microprocessor offers a faster way of computing. It can rapidly move data between processor units. Speed is one of a microprocessor's advantages that sets it apart from other processors. However, a microprocessor also has some disadvantages that are worth considering when choosing computing power. Find out more and see if a microprocessor unit is worth it for you. 1. Inflicts Restriction on Size of Data * Microprocessors have rigid card formats that can only hold certain amounts of information. The lack of space does not allow for more complicated processing of information, such as the opcodes (operation codes) and timing. The ability of a microprocessor to crunch more data is dependent on its bus (a set of physical connections such as cables, printed circuits, etc.) width. A larger data bus width will allow the microprocessor to crunch more data; however, the drawback of having a larger data bus size means it needs a greater amount of logic and larger die size. In order to have a microprocessor crunch more data, you need to implement two methods---increase the bus size from 64 bits to 128 bits and beyond, as well as increase the amount of microprocessor core in a single microprocessor.
Physical Address Space Limitations * Microprocessors have limited physical address space. It limits real mode addresses to 20 bits, where the effective address is equal to shifting left, by 4 bits, the segment register. In real mode, an offset cannot go beyond 16 bits; in other words, each segment cannot exceed increments of 64 kilobytes. Increasing the number of address lines is not attractive because it can complicate the architecture and design without significant gain. Many Do Not Support Floating Point Operations * Most low-cost embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers do not have an FPU (floating point unit), which is a specialized coprocessor that manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic microprocessor circuitry. Microprocessors use fixed-point representations, which are more difficult and cumbersome to use than floating-point representations because they cannot handle a wider dynamic range. Microprocessors require programmers to specify the number of digits after the radix (or decimal) point.
Does Not Process Analog Signals Directly * Microprocessors cannot process analog signals directly. Digitizing the analog signals introduces errors in microprocessors. Most general-purpose microprocessors and operating systems can execute DSP (digital signal processor) algorithms successfully, but are not suitable for use in portable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs because of power supply and space constraints. In some DSP processors, the software designer can write optimized assembly code to pipeline instructions and data to parallel logical units, reducing the clock cycle usage.

|

Ang lipunan ay isang pangkat ng mga tao na binibigyan ng katangian sa mga huwaran ng mga pagkakaugnay ng bawat isa na binabahagi ang naiibang kultura at mga institusyon. Mas malawak, isangekonomika, panlipunan at imprastrakturang industriyal ang lipunan, na binubuo ng isang magkakaibang maraming tao. Maaaring magkakaiba ang mga kasapi ng isang lipunan mula sa iba't ibang mga pangkat etniko. Maaaring isang partikular na pangkat etniko ang isang lipunan, katulad ng mga Saxon, isang estadong bansa, katulad ng Bhutan, o sa mas pinalawak pang grupo, katulad ng Kanlurang lipunan.Maaaring tumukoy din ang salitang lipunan sa mga organisadongboluntaryong asosayon ng mga tao para sa mga layuning relihiyoso,kultural, mala-agham, pang-politika, patriyotiko, o ibang pang dahilan.Sosyolohiya ang siyentipikong, o akademikong, pag-aaral ng lipunan at kaugalian ng mga tao.
Ang kahalagahan ng lipunan ay higit pa sa kahalagahan ng yaman o anumang salapi ito ay isang grupo ng tao kung saan nagtutulong tulong ang mga tao. dito rin nila nakikita ang kanilang pangangailangan. Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces createdAnatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living thingsAnthropology: the study of human cultures both past and presentArchaeology: the study of the material remains of culturesAstronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universeAstrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe | | | Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease | | Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms | | Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology | | Biology: the science that studies living organisms | | Botany: the scientific study of plant life | | Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms | | Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself | | Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes | | Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation | | Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment | | Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena | | Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry | | Entomology: the study of insects | | Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment | | Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources | | Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms | | Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history | | Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems | | Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement | | Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease | | Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting | | Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes | | Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals | | Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level | | Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom | | Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders | | Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes | | Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds | | Ornithology: the study of birds | | Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods | | Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks | | Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter | | Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms | | Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes | | Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth | | Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants | | Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes | | Zoology: the study of animals |

A basic way to explain how chemistry is related to culinary arts would be to say chemicals and culinary arts both have to do with measurements, and with reactions.

When water boils, when oil simmers, when you make toast, anything you do when you cook involves chemistry!

All cooking involves chemical processes and chemical changes. When you heat or cool foods, mix them with other foods, even when you simply chop foods, you are facilitating a chemical process.

For example, if you cut a lettuce with your usual stainless-steel kitchen knife you start a chemical reaction which leaches out nutrients from the cut area and accelerates decomposition: this is seen easily because, after a while, the cut edges will begin to turn brown. You can frequently see this discoloration at the stem end of a lettuce when you buy it. There are now serrated plastic knives readily available in supermarkets, specially made for cutting lettuce, to avoid discoloration.

Another readily observed example is when you put a piece of meat into a hot pan: the first chemical changes you observe are (a) a change in odour, and (b) a change in color.

Each different type of meat will show a different reaction.

So cooking is one of the most basic ways we have of observing chemistry at work!

CHEMISTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: HELP OR HINDRANCE?
Environmental issues such as climate change, water pollution and renewable energy make the news headlines and have become increasingly important in every day life. Many people perceive chemistry and the chemical industry as harmful to the environment. However, many new advances and scientific researches in the field of chemistry are helping us to develop more environment friendly materials and applications, while preserving the quality and the lifestyle we expect.
Over the years, the industry and wider public have become aware of the damaging effects of some past practices and the need to protect the environment. In the past, few were aware of the potentially negative effects our modern lifestyle might have on the environment, and rather saw only the positive potential for creating new, useful materials and products.
Research in biological sciences and chemistry has revealed that industrial processes in chemistry and petrochemistry could play a role in developing solutions to environmental problems such as climate change, waste management, recycling, energy efficiency – just to name a few. Without chemists, we might never have truly understood these problems. Profound changes have been made – and still are being made - to provide alternative solutions.

Impact of Chemistry in Our Society? Chemistry has had a huge impact in our society, as it is the basis to a lot of products and knowledge we now have of chemicals around us everywhere. Chemistry has given us knowledge of the chemicals we come into contact with everyday explanation of how they are good or bad to the human body. They create prescription drugs that makes us well from an illness, and also research new medications, drugs, and products to ensure awareness.

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology[1][2] referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars

forensic medicine (f-rnsk)
The branch of medicine that interprets or establishes the medical facts in civil or criminal law cases

-------------------------------------------------
Svante Arrhenius Svante Arrhenius | |
Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903. TheArrhenius equation, lunar crater Arrhenius and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University are named after him.
Greenhouse effect[edit]
Arrhenius developed a theory to explain the ice ages, and in 1896 he was the first scientist to attempt to calculate how changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.[6] He was influenced by the work of others, including Joseph Fourier and John Tyndall. Arrhenius used the infrared observations of the moon by Frank Washington Very and Samuel Pierpont Langley at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh to calculate the absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2 and water vapour. Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan Boltzmann law), he formulated his greenhouse law. In its original form, Arrhenius' greenhouse law reads as follows: if the quantity of carbonic acid [H2CO3] increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression.
The following equivalent formulation of Arrhenius' greenhouse law is still used today:[7]
ΔF = α Ln(/)
William Padolina
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
William Padolina is one of the 1985 TOYM Awardees for Science and Technology. Padolina is the Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology, a man of exceptional vision who sees clearly the whole socio-economic panorama unfolding and understand the implications of the crests and troughs in the pre-millenium landscape.
An influential man in the since that since 1996, he has been telling everyone how technology management will play role for global competitiveness. His aggressive campaign has helped technology and Internet awareness in the government sector. He encourage collaboration on the part of the government, private sector, and academe to push for the growth of the Internet and be one of the tools for the Philippines to become globally competitive.
During the International Conference on the Development of Information Infrastructure in 1996, he was already raising the issue and challenge on the social and legal aspects of digital information and electronics media.
Padolina wants the Internet user base to be broadened and make it truly mass-based, producing world-class students that know the value of information. His biggest achievement is giving specific directions on what the private sector should do in order to achieve growth for the Internet and e-commerce.

Dr. Lim-Sylianco focused on mutagens, antimutagens, and bio-organic mechanisms on her research. Her numerous discoveries of environmental mutagens earned her laboratory at theUniversity of the Philippines the designation of being an international training center for the detection of chemical mutagens by the Research Planning in Biological Sciences, Washington D.C., USA in 1986, as well as her appointment as a member of the International Advisory Committee on Antimutagens in 1989. She is also the author of five books in organic chemistry, biochemistry, genetic toxicology, and molecular nutrition, which are used as references by college chemistry students all over the Philippines.
For her contributions, Dr. Lim-Sylianco received the Gregorio Y. Zara award, 1977; the UP Endowment Professorial Chair in Chemistry, 1974-1977; and was a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1958. She was conferred as a National Scientist in 1994 by Former President Fidel Ramos.

-------------------------------------------------
Antoine Lavoisier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Lavoisier" redirects here. For other uses, see Lavoisier (disambiguation). Antoine Lavoisier | Signature |

Lavoisier's Laboratory, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794; Frenchpronunciation: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]), the "father of modern chemistry,"[1] was a French nobleman prominent in the histories ofchemistry and biology.[2] He named both oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and predicted silicon (1787).[3] He helped construct themetric system, put together the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound.[4] He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.
Lavoisier was an administrator of the Ferme Générale and a powerful member of a number of other aristocratic councils. All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was accused byJean-Paul Marat of selling adulterated tobacco and of other crimes, and was eventually guillotined a year after Marat's death. Benjamin Franklin was familiar with Lavoisier, as they were both members of the "Benjamin Franklin inquiries" into Mesmer and animal magnetism.[5][6]
-------------------------------------------------
Contributions to chemistry[edit]
Research on gases, water, and combustion[edit]

Lavoisier demonstrated the role of oxygen in the rusting of metal, as well as oxygen's role in animal and plant respiration. Working withPierre-Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments that showed that respiration was essentially a slow combustion of organic material using inhaled oxygen. Lavoisier's explanation of combustion disproved the phlogiston theory, which postulated that materials released a substance called phlogiston when they burned.
Lavoisier discovered that Henry Cavendish's "inflammable air," which Lavoisier had termed hydrogen (Greek for "water-former"), combined with oxygen to produce a dew which, as Joseph Priestley had reported, appeared to be water. In "Mémoire sur la combustion en général"("On Combustion in General," 1777)[10] and "Considérations générales sur la nature des acides" ("General Considerations on the Nature of Acids," 1778),[11] he demonstrated that the "air" responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity. In 1779, he named this part of the air "oxygen" (Greek for "becoming sharp" because he claimed that the sharp taste of acids came from oxygen), and the other "azote" (Greek "no life"). In "Réflexions sur le phlogistique" ("Reflections on Phlogiston," 1783), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent. But Priestley refused to believe Lavoisier's results before his death.

-------------------------------------------------
John Dalton

John Dalton | | Signature |
John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).
Five main points of Dalton's atomic theory 1. Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. 3. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. 5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
Dalton proposed an additional "rule of greatest simplicity" that created controversy, since it could not be independently confirmed.
When atoms combine in only one ratio, "..it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary".
This was merely an assumption, derived from faith in the simplicity of nature. No evidence was then available to scientists to deduce how many atoms of each element combine to form compound molecules. But this or some other such rule was absolutely necessary to any incipient theory, since one needed an assumed molecular formula in order to calculate relative atomic weights. In any case, Dalton's "rule of greatest simplicity" caused him to assume that the formula for water was OH and ammonia was NH, quite different from our modern understanding.
Despite the uncertainty at the heart of Dalton's atomic theory, the principles of the theory survived. To be sure, the conviction that atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed into smaller particles when they are combined, separated, or rearranged in chemical reactions is inconsistent with the existence of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission, but such processes are nuclear reactions and not chemical reactions. In addition, the idea that all atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical properties is not precisely true, as we now know that different isotopes of an element have slightly varying weights. However, Dalton had created a theory of immense power and importance. Indeed, Dalton's innovation was fully as important for the future of the science as Antoine Laurent Lavoisier's oxygen-based chemistry had been.
-------------------------------------------------
Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitri Mendeleev | Dmitri Mendeleev in 1897 |
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev[1] (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев; IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪt͡ɕ mʲɪndʲɪˈlʲejɪf] ( listen); 8 February 1834 – 2 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 1834 – 20 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created his own version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
-------------------------------------------------
Periodic table
In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one per year.
Other scientists had previously identified periodicity of elements. John Newlands described a Law of Octaves, noting their periodicity according to relative atomic weight in 1864, publishing it in 1865. His proposal identified the potential for new elements such asgermanium. The concept was criticized and his innovation was not recognized by the Society of Chemists until 1887. Another person to prose a periodic table was Lothar Meyer, who published a paper in 1864 describing 28 elements classified by their valence, but with no prediction of new elements. Meyer, who is often credited with the discovery of the periodic system, opposed and criticized the Periodic Law.
After becoming a teacher, Mendeleev wrote the definitive textbook of his time: Principles of Chemistry (two volumes, 1868–1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he too noticed patterns that led him to postulate his periodic table. Mendeleev was unaware of the earlier work on periodic tables going on in the 1860s. He made the following table, and by adding additional elements following this pattern, developed his extended version of the periodic table.[11][12] Cl 35.5 | K 39 | Ca 40 | Br 80 | Rb 85 | Sr 88 | I 127 | Cs 133 | Ba 137 |
On 6 March 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both atomic weight and valence. This presentation stated that 1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weight, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties. 2. Elements which are similar regarding their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs). 3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F. 4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights. 5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body. 6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75. 7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev seems to be wrong as the "atomic mass" of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9) as displayed on modern periodic tables, but this is due to the way atomic masses are calculated, based on a weighted average of all of an element's common isotopes, not just the one-to-one proton/neutron-ratio version of the element to which Mendeleev was referring. 8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.
Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table. Only a few months after, Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, but virtually everybody[who?] agrees that Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon, ekaaluminium and ekaboron (germanium, gallium and scandium, respectively) qualifies him for the majority of the credit for the table.
For his predicted eight elements, he used the prefixes of eka, dvi, and tri (Sanskrit one, two, three) in their naming. Mendeleev questioned some of the currently accepted atomic weights (they could be measured only with a relatively low accuracy at that time), pointing out that they did not correspond to those suggested by his Periodic Law. He noted thattellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the right order, incorrectly predicting that the accepted atomic weights at the time were at fault. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table which were the actinides which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass. Some people dismissed Mendeleev for predicting that there would be more elements, but he was proven to be correct when Ga (gallium) and Ge (germanium) were found in 1875 and 1886 respectively, fitting perfectly into the two missing spaces.[13]
By giving Sanskrit names to his "missing" elements, Mendeleev showed his appreciation and debt to the Sanskrit grammarians of ancient India, who had created sophisticated theories of language based on their discovery of the two-dimensional patterns in basic sounds. According to Professor Paul Kiparsky of Stanford University, Mendeleev was a friend and colleague of the Sanskritist Böhtlingk, who was preparing the second edition of his book on Pāṇini[14] at about this time, and Mendeleev wished to honor Pāṇini with his nomenclature.[15] Noting that there are striking similarities between the periodic table and the introductory Śiva Sūtras in Pāṇini's grammar, Prof. Kiparsky says:
[T]he analogies between the two systems are striking. Just as Panini found that the phonological patterning of sounds in the language is a function of their articulatory properties, so Mendeleev found that the chemical properties of elements are a function of their atomic weights. Like Panini, Mendeleev arrived at his discovery through a search for the "grammar" of the elements...[16]
-------------------------------------------------
Other achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian Lev Chugaev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.
Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.
In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.
Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.
He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.
Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin. He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin." (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)

-------------------------------------------------
Marie Curie

Marie Curie | Marie Skłodowska Curie, ca. 1920 |
Marie Curie (French: [maʁi kyʁi]) (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), née Maria Salomea Skłodowska (Polish: [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]), was a Polish physicist and chemist, working mainly in France,[2] who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris (La Sorbonne), and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in Paris' Panthéon.
She was born in Warsaw, in the Congress Kingdom of Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestineFloating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared her 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that the Curies coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment ofneoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.
While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[3][4] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.[5] She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she first isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a]
Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic anemia brought on by her years of exposure to radiation.
-------------------------------------------------
Arturo Alcaraz
Arturo P. Alcaraz (born March 21, 1916) is considered as the Philippines' Father of Geothermal Energy Development, due to his contributions to studies about Philippine volcanology and the energy derived from volcanic sources.
-------------------------------------------------
[edit] Education
He earned his Bachelor's degree in Marine Engineering from the Mapua Institute of Technology in 1937, and finished his Master of Science in Geology at the University of Wisconsin in 1941, through the help of the Philippine Commonwealth government. He also received further training and education from other United States universities, such as the University of Berkeley, where he received a Certificate in Volcanology after attending two semesters.

-------------------------------------------------
[edit] Career and Contributions
Alcaraz started as an aide in the Geology division of the Bureau of Mines, and after further education ascended to the positions of Assistant Geologist and Chief Geophysicist in different government agencies. His chief contribution was the study and establishment of geothermal power plants in the country, particularly in the regions of Tiwi, Albay, Mt. Makiling and Mt. Banahaw (Mac-Ban), and Leyte. In the 1980s, the Philippines even attained the second highest geothermal generating capacity in the world, besting mentor countries Italy and New Zealand.
The Philippine government, the scientific community and his alma mater have all recognized Alcaraz’s contribution over the years. In 1962 Mapua Institute of Technology gave him its award as Outstanding Alumnus in the Field of Science and Technology in Government Service; in 1968 he received the Presidential Award of Merit for his work in volcanology and his initial work in geothermy; and in 1971 he was given an Award for Science from the Philippine Association for the Advancement of Science (PHILAAS). Awards of Appreciation were presented him in 1974, 1977, 1981 and 1982 by the organizations and colleagues with whom he worked, and in 1980 he was the recipient of both the Gregorio Y. Zara Memorial Award in Basic Science from PHILAAS and the Geologist of the Year Award from the Professional Regulatory Commission. He was also the Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Government Service for 1982.

-------------------------------------------------
Gregorio Zara
Si Gregorio Y. Zara (1902 - 1978) ay isang Pilipinong imbentor mahigit 30 gamit sa eroplano tulad ng Earth Induction Compass at Vapor Chamber, ilang enerhiya na ginagamitan ng araw tulad ng Solar Energy Device, Solar Water Heater, Solar Stove at Solar Battery. Siya ang may-akda ng isang physical law of electrical kinetic resistance na tinatawag naZara effect.
-------------------------------------------------
Gantimpala [baguhin]
Dahil ito binigyan siya ng parangal tulad ng Presidential Diploma of Merit (1959), Distinguished Service Medal, Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor for Science and Research, at Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education and Aero Engineering noong 1966.
-------------------------------------------------
Personal na Buhay [baguhin]
Ipinanganak noong [[Marso 8], 1902 sa Lipa, Batangas si Gregorio. Kinakitaan na ng likas na katalinuhan kaya't nagtapos siya sa elementarya at mataas na paaralan na Valedictorian. Nag-aral siya sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas bago nagpatuloy sa Massachusetts Institute of Technology at nagtapos ng BS Mechanical Engineering. Kinuha niya angMaster's Degree sa Aeronautical Engineering sa University of Michigan.
Ang kanyang Doctorate Degree sa nakuha sa Sorbonne University of Paris. Nabigyan si Gregorio ng Brevet d' Invention Award ng Ministre de Industrie ng Kaharian ng Belgiumdahil sa kanyang imbensyong Earth Induction Compass. Ang compass na ito ay nakapagbibigay impormasyon kahit nasa itaas pa ng ere ang eroplano. Siya rin ang nakaimbento ng Vapor Chamber kung saan maaaring pag-aralan at obserbahan ng sinuman ang di-nakikitang (invisible) mga partikulo ng radioactive sources. Ang kanyang Solar Energy Deviceay nakapag-iipon (converge) ng sikat ng araw hanggang 3,000 °F at ang kanyang Solar Water Heater na maaaring makapag-init ng tubig hanggang 180°F sa loob lamang ng 7 minuto; ang kanyang Solar Stove na maaaring makapagluto ng iba't ibang pagkain at ang Solar Battery na nakakapag-andar ng radio at electric fan.

-------------------------------------------------
Amando Kapauan
Amando Kapauan (July 4, 1931 – October 12, 1996) was a chemist and researcher. He graduated magna cum laude from University of the Philippines, Diliman in 1952, with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Southern California in 1959.
In the Ateneo de Manila University Department of Chemistry, he worked on inorganic and physical chemistry, particularly on radioactive bromine. With other colleagues, he initiated investigations in the 1970s on heavy metals analysis in our environment. He was among the first to look into the problem of mercury in the environment, and he designed the appropriate equipment for mercury analysis in water, fish and soil.
Kapauan linked with international groups, taught one of the first environmental chemistry courses in the country, and involved himself in policies on urban-rural planning.
He later went into the field of electronics, specifically chemical instrumentation. Together with Fr. William Schmitt, S.J., they pioneered the maintenance, design and modification of instruments.
Kapauan’s first publication appeared in the Journal of Chemical Education in May 1973.
He also started to interface traditional instruments with the increasingly popular PC. By the 1980s, his students were designing software for them, including Fourier Transform of signals. He redesigned a spectrophotometer with vacuum-tube technology into one with solid-state technology, run by a PC with software written by his students.
He designed and built new electrochemical systems, which merited publications in Analytical Chemistry (the leading journal of analytical chemistry worldwide). This was an honor considering that these were the few, if not the only, international publications done by one Filipino, entirely in the Philippines.
He continued to find applications for these electrochemical systems, dreaming that they might be distributed to data stations all over the country for trace analysis of metals and for mapping of water quality.
He was one of the founders of the Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and one of the architects of the Ph.D. program of the UP-Ateneo-DLSU Chemistry Consortium. He moved into environmental concerns and microelectronics in the infant stages of their applications in chemistry.
He wrote a college textbook, “General Chemistry,” with Amando Clemente and Antonio I. de Leon. He made “Cardboard Orbital Domain Models” and published this in J. Chem. Ed. in August 1966.
His 1967 Unesco stint in Thailand brought together a series of innovative experiments for “lab-less” high schools, which was eventually published as a book, “Creative Chemistry.”
Kapauan replaced expensive equipment with materials he bought from the grocery, hardware, photo supply and the drugstore. He taught his students to do audio-visuals, including 8-mm animated films, molecular models, and computer-aided instruction.
Kapauan died on October 12, 1996.[1]
-------------------------------------------------
Anacleto del Rosario
Anacleto del Rosario (13 July 1860 – 2 May 1895) was a leading pharmacist and chemist during the Spanish period. He was referred to as the Father of Laboratory Science in thePhilippines.

He married Valeriana Valdezco on 18 April 1883. They had three children, Jose, Luis, and Rose.
-------------------------------------------------
[edit] Early life and education
Del Rosario was born on 13 July 1869 on Quiotan Street (now named Sales Street in honor of his maternal name) in Santa Cruz, Manila. He was the only one who survived out of the eleven children of Eugenio del Rosario and Casimira Sales. His father was a maker of cordons used by the military while his mother was a street vendor of fruits, vegetables, and other food. His father died when he was five years old, leaving his mother to support his schooling.
Del Rosario first studied informally under the guidance of an uncle who was a lawyer. He received his primary education under private tutors and his secondary education from a school master.
In 1873, del Rosario was enrolled in Ateneo Municipal de Manila when he was already in his third year. He befriended Jose Rizal and studied Latin under Francisco de Paula Sanchez. He made electric bells, toys, household fixtures, and other objects which he sold for extra income. He was made a member of the Congregacion Mariana in recognition of his outstanding performance in school and his good values.
After receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1876, del Rosario enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas and took a course in pharmacy. On 22 November 1879, his scientific essay entitled Estudio Sonre a Unidád de las Fuerzas Fisicas won a consolation prize in an open composition held by the Liceo Artistico-Literario of Manila. On 6 August 1881 the government appointed him to the commission tasked to study the mineral waters of the Philippines, even though he was still an undergraduate.
On 25 September 1881, in the competition sponsored by the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais on its centenary celebration, del Rosario’s Un Estudio Sobre las Aguas Minerales de Zaragoza won honorable mention while another piece entitled Los Ofidios Venonosos Más Comunes del Pais won him a diploma and a silver medal.
After obtaining the title agrimensor y perito tasador de terrenos (expert surveyor and assessor of lands) from the Ateneo Municipal, Hdel Rosario worked as a private surveyor and surveyed the haciendas owned by Emilio Araneta in Silay, Negros Occidental, among others. He used his earnings to continue his studies at the University of Santo Tomas, support his mother, and buy books a microscope. He finally graduated from UST in March 1882 with a degree in pharmacy with qualification of sobresaliente (substitute).
-------------------------------------------------
[edit] Career
As chemist, del Rosario partly built the commercial names of the manufacturers of the Ayala distillery. He was successful in producing alcohol from nipa tuba (wine) which was absolutely free of characteristic odor. He sold his formula for the purification of local alcohol to Ayala & Company. They exhibited the alcohol at the World’s Fair in Paris in 1881 where it won first prize.
Del Rosario worked as an apprentice in a friend’s establishment for some time before setting up a drug store with Enrique Perez as a partner. He also worked as a chemist in the La Rosario distillery on R. Hidalgo Street which was then managed by Benito Legarda.
After some time, del Rosario sold his share of the drug store to his partner and managed Botica de Javega which was located at Escolta. With his savings and a grant from Doroteo Cortes, heestablished the Botica San Fernando in Binondo.
On 17 June 1882, del Rosario was appointed pharmacist-member of the Sanitary Commission in the 8th district of Manila. When the cholera outbreak happened, he was assigned to a quarantine station in Mariveles, Bataan on 12 July 1882. On 11 March 1883 he was assigned as pharmacist-member in the Junta Inspectoria y Administradora of the Bilibid Prisons on 11 March 1883. He later on served as secretary of the Junta from 1885 to 1888. In June 1882, del Rosario received his degree of doctor of pharmacy. He became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Santo Tomas.
On 24 January 1885, del Rosario was appointed to the body created to study the mineral waters of Luzon. He co-wrote Memoria Descriptiva de los Manantiales Minero-medicinales de la Isla de Luzon published in 1890 and Estudio Descriptivo de Algunos Manantiales Minerales de Filpinas published in 1893.
On 10 March 1885 del Rosario was named municipal pharmacist for the north district of Binondo. At the same time, he was also doing analytical work for private companies and individuals as legal chemist and as toxicologist for the government. On 28 July 1885, he was awarded for his service by the University of Santo Tomas during the inauguration of the Carriedo Water System in Manila.
On 23 December 1887, del Rosario passed a government exam and the following January 17 he was appointed director of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila.
Del Rosario was cofounder and secretary of the College of Pharmacists which was organized on 29 November 1891. He belonged to the Manila Chamber of Commerce and served as its secretary for a time. During his term, he wrote two of its annual reports and edited its Boletin.
Del Rosario once recommended the dredging of the Pasig River after he found out that algae caused its persisting odor. He made more than 50 analyses of mineral springs and medicinal waters of the Philippines during his lifetime. He was ordered by the government of Manila to report on beer adulterations in 1887 and also made 303 chemical analyses of cane sugar for Ker & Company in the same year.
Felix Maramba - Known For:
Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas systems.
Felix Maramba - Other Achievements:
Felix Maramba is the president of the Philippine Association of Flour Millers, Inc. Felix Maramba wrote: Biogas and Waste Recycling, The Philippine Experience.
Benefits of Biogas Systems: * Less pollution of the air and waters * Improves local economics * Increases productive of land by recycling systems of farming
Filipino Inventors & Filipino Scientists 5 scientist
Louise (Lovisa) Katarina Hammarström (born 25 May 1849 - 5 November 1917), was a Swedish chemist. She was the first formally trained and educated Swedish chemist of her gender.
Louise Hammarström was the daughter of a vicar. Orphaned at an early age, she grew up at an Ironworks in Dalarna, in central Sweden, where she became interested in chemical substances. She studied chemistry by private lessons, and was in 1875 employed at the laboratory of engineer Werner Cronquist in Stockholm, were she was active as an assistant in 1876-1881. She was then active as mineral chemist at the Ironworks of Bångbro (1881–87), Fagersta (1887–91) and Schisshyttan (1891–93). In 1893, she opened her own laboratory, in which she was primarily focused on minerals and geological studies.
Julia Lermontova Russian: Юлия Всеволодовна Лермонтова (21 December 1846 – 16 December 1919 O.S. 2 January 1847 ), was a Russian chemist. She is known as the first Russian female doctor in chemistry, and the third woman to have been given a doctorate in Europe. She studied at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Berlin before the received her doctorate by the University of Göttingen in 1874. She was inducted to the Russian Chemical Society in 1875.

Vera Jevstafjevna Popova (née Bogdanovskaia, 1868-1897), was a Russian Empire chemist. She was one of the first chemists of her gender in Russia. [1]
She earned a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Geneva in the early 1890s before returning to Russia in 1892 to work at the St. Petersburg Women's College, where she taught chemistry. She married her husband, General Popov, director of a military steel plant, under the condition that he build her a laboratory where she could continue her research. She died on May 8 1897 in an explosion resulting from her attempts to synthesize hydrogen cyanide, an unstable chemical compound which was not successfully synthezied until 1961. [2]
-------------------------------------------------
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (d. 1914), was a Russian chemist. She was co-founder of theImperial Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg, where she was head of the department ofchemistry and biochemistry.
She was informally educated in chemistry in Switzerland, where she moved with her spouse, the MarxistNikolai Ziber in 1872. From 1877, she was active as a scientist, and are regarded to have published more scientific chemistry works then any other woman before 1900.
Anna Sundström, born as Anna Christina Persdotter, (born in Kymlinge, Spånga, 26 February 1785 - 1871), was a Swedish chemist. She was the assistant of the chemist and scientist Jöns Jacob Berzelius from 1808 to 1836. Anna Sundström has been referred to as the first female chemist in Sweden.[1]
Anna Persdotter was the daughter of the farmer Per Jansson, and later took the name Sundström. Early on, she moved to the capital to serve as a maid, and was in 1808 employed as the house keeper of Jöns Jacob Berzelius. She acted effectively as his assistant and co worker during his laborations. During her work she was educated in chemistry and acquired a vast knowledge within it. Berzelius stated : "She is used to all my equipment and their names to such a degree that I could without hesitation make her distillHydrochloric acid." [2] Sundström also administrated his laboratory as well as supervised his students, who affectionally called her "strict Anna".
She was forced to end her employment when Berzelius married Elisabeth Poppius in 1836.

Adelina Adato Barrion (September 9, 1951[1] – July 10, 2010) was a Filipino entomologist and geneticist whose extensive contribution to the study of Philippine spiders earned her the moniker "Asia's Spider Woman,[2]" although she also contributed significantly to the study of other species, and to the study of genetics in general.,[3] She also headed the Genetics and Molecular Biology Division of the Institute of Biological Sciences, at the University of the Philippines Los Baños' College of Arts and Sciences, and served as the curator of the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
-------------------------------------------------
Education [edit]
Barrion graduated from her bachelor's degree in Entomology at the UPLB College of Agriculture in 1974, and earned her Master's and Doctorate degrees in Genetics (Entomology) in 1978 and 1985, respectively.[1]
Roseli Ocampo-Friedmann (November 23, 1937 – September 4, 2005) was a Filipino-American microbiologist and botanist who specialized in the study of cyanobacteria andextremophiles. She earned a degree in botany from the University of the Philippines in 1958. After completing her master's in 1966, she worked for Manila's National Institute of Science and Technology. She received her PhD from Florida State University in 1973 and married Imre Friedmann in 1974.[1] Her work has been cited in work exploring the terraforming of Mars, and late in her career she served as a scientific consultant for the SETI Institute. Friedmann Peak, in the Darwin Mountains of Antarctica, is named after her. The National Science Foundation awarded her with the Antarctic Service Medal in 1981.