: is the angle of elevation of the ball's path (from horizontal) as it initially leaves the racket as previously determined it equals 2.18.
A: (which also appears in the previous equation) is the drag coefficient 0.5.
B: is the lift coefficient
C: is the torque coefficient
: is the distance between the server and it target on the tennis court.
The top spin constraint balances the extra downward force from the top spin. Through the speed and angle of elevation make sure the serve hits the intended target: add top spin (increase ) and you have to hit ball faster (increase ) or aim higher (increase the angle of elevation ).
Top Spin Net Constraint
In fact, if there is too much top spin on the ball then you are much more likely to hit the net. To ensure you don't score a net fault a constraint has been calculated.
In order to clear the net your serve must satisfy:
The constants and are all of the same form as the constants in the above equations, but have values depending on the distance to, and height of, the net at the point the ball crosses.
The combination of slice spin and top spin makes the ball's path and bounce far harder to predict for your opponent. Varying these with each serve could be the winning formula, as long as these three important constraints are satisfied and