Periodization 5
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Interaction (17501900) I.
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization and Global Capitalism
A. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
1. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production
a) high agricultural production in Great Britain, Yangzi Delta, and
Japan resulted in significant population growth
b) navigable rivers and networks of canals facilitated trade and transport c) these sophisticated economies ran up against ecological obstacles (soil depletion and deforestation), but they later transcended those ecological constraints by exploiting coal deposits found at home and natural resources found abroad
d) critical to industrialization were technological developments that made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand and that harnessed inanimate sources of energy such as coal and petroleum
e) coal acted as a substitution for wood in Great Britain and created a promising framework for industrialization,
2. The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The “fossil fuels” revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
a) the most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a generalpurpose steam engine in
1765 by James Watt
b) after 1709, British smelters use coke (purified coal) rather than more expensive charcoal as a fuel to produce iron
c) in 1856 Henry Bessemer built a refined blast furnace that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities
3. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.
a) the factory system replaced both the puttingout system and protoindustrial factories and became the characteristics
Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization and Global Capitalism
A. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
1. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production
a) high agricultural production in Great Britain, Yangzi Delta, and
Japan resulted in significant population growth
b) navigable rivers and networks of canals facilitated trade and transport c) these sophisticated economies ran up against ecological obstacles (soil depletion and deforestation), but they later transcended those ecological constraints by exploiting coal deposits found at home and natural resources found abroad
d) critical to industrialization were technological developments that made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand and that harnessed inanimate sources of energy such as coal and petroleum
e) coal acted as a substitution for wood in Great Britain and created a promising framework for industrialization,
2. The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The “fossil fuels” revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
a) the most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a generalpurpose steam engine in
1765 by James Watt
b) after 1709, British smelters use coke (purified coal) rather than more expensive charcoal as a fuel to produce iron
c) in 1856 Henry Bessemer built a refined blast furnace that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities
3. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.
a) the factory system replaced both the puttingout system and protoindustrial factories and became the characteristics