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Phonetics Phonology

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Phonetics Phonology
Phonetics & Phonology
An Introduction
Sarmad Hussain
Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing,
NUCES, Lahore, Pakistan sarmad.hussain@nu.edu.pk Levels of Linguistic Analysis
Pragmatics
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Phonetics

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2

Overview
„

Phonetics

„

Phonology

„

Computational Phonology

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3

Phonetics

What is Phonetics ?
„

Study of human speech as a physical phenomenon ‰

Articulation

‰

Acoustics

‰

Perception

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5

Articulatory Phonetics
„

Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus
‰

Anatomy of vocal organs

‰

Air stream Mechanism

‰

Voicing

‰

Articulation

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6

Anatomy of Vocal Organs

[2]

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7

Air-stream Mechanisms
„

Pulmonic

„

Glottic

„

Velaric

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8

Pulmonic Sounds
„

Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity „

Pressure built by compression of lungs

‰

English [p], [n], [s], [l], [e]

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9

Glottic Egressive Sounds
„

Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity „

Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis

‰

Georgian [p’], [t’], [k’]

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10

Glottic Ingressive Sounds
„

Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity „

Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis ‰

Hausa, Sindhi [ɓ,ɠ ]

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11

Velaric Sounds
„

Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity „

Pressure reduced by forming velaric and alveolar closure and pulling down tongue

‰

clicks

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12

Articulatory Phonetics
„

Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus
9

Anatomy of vocal organs

9

Air stream Mechanism

‰

Voicing

‰

Articulation

www.PANL10n.net

13

Bernoulli Effect
„
„
„

„

Air pumped from the lungs applies pressure on closed glottis
High pressure opens vocal cords
High velocity air flow creates low pressure region pulling vocal cords together again
Process is repeated, producing vibrations in the
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