Physioex Lab Report
PhysioEx Lab Unit 1
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2hr OGTT level aboe 200mg/dl: confirms diabetes dx
2hr. OGTT level b/w 140-200mg/dl: impaired glucose tolerance absolute refractory period: period when cell membrane is totally insensitive to additional stimuli, regardless of the stimulus force applied.
ACTH: hormone released by the anterior pituitary. stimulated by a hypothalamic hormone, CRH, inhibited by cortisol.
Action Potential: large reversal of the membrane polarity that occurs when the membrane depolarizes to threshold. active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane that requires the expenditure of cellular …show more content…
energy (ATP)
Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency): low cortisol level, high ACTH level anemia: low count in RBC anisocytosis: abnormal sizes of RBCs avg. blood volume for females: 27.5ml/lb avg. blood volume for males: 30ml/lb conductivity: ability to transmit an impulse (to take the neural impulse & pass it along the cell membrane) convert lbs to gms to find out gm wt. of blood: [ weight(lbs) x 454g/lb ]/ 12 = gm wt. of blood cortisol: hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, is key to the long-term regulation of stress. stimulated by ACTH.
CRH: hormone that stimulates ACTH secretion, inhibited by cortisol cushing's disease (secondary hypercortisolism): high cortisol level, high ACTH level cushing's syndrome (primary hypercortisolism): high cortisol level, low ACTH level depolarization: reversal of membrane potential due to influx of sodium ions.
Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling.: An AP in a motor neuron triggers the release of Ach. Ach diffuses into the sarcolemma & binds to receptors in the muscle cell. The resulting change in ion permeability triggers a depolarization of the plasma membrane called an end plate potential. The end plate potential triggers a series of events that results in the contraction of a muscle cell.
Describe the three phases of a muscle "twitch": Latent period: period of time that elapses b/w the generation of an AP in a muscle cell & the start of a contraction. Contraction phase: a period of time that starts at the end of the latent period & ends when muscle tension peaks. Relaxation phase: period of time from peak tension until the end of muscle contraction. diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of random thermal motion
Does the addition of ether to the nerve cause any permanent alteration in neural response?: No, has no lasting effect. Ether impairs the ability of nerve fibers to function. (Blocks nerve transmission)
Equation to calculate the original number of RBCs in 1 cu mm (method 1): cell count from all 5 squares x dilution factor/ # of squares counted x vol. of individual square
Equation to calculate the original number of RBCs in 1 cu mm (method 2): cell count ( dilution x area x depth) facilitated diffusion: the movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane with the aid of specialized transport proteins fatigue: decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant force of contraction after prolonged, repetitive stimulation.
FPG value b/w 110-126mg/dl: dx as impairment or borderline impairment in glucose reading
FPG value greater than or equal to 126mg/dl: dx as diabetes in glucose reading
FPG value less than 110mg/dl: dx as normal range in glucose reading glucose standard curve: point of reference for converting optical density readings.
Gower's/Hayem's solution: diluent for RBC hemocytometer slide: forms a roof that is 1/10 mm above the grid surface high ACTH: greater than or equal to 80 pg/ml high cortisol: greater than or equal to 23mcg/dl hormonal: hormone released by another endocrine gland hormones are released in 3 ways: hormonal, neural, or humoral
How can concentration of water in a solution be decreased?: Increasing the solute conc. will decrease the water conc. b/c the solute conc. is the inverse of the solvent conc.
How does TRH travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?: via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
How many gm% of hgb does the avg. person carries?: about 15gm%
How many RBC are in each cubic millimeter of adult female blood?: 4.5 million
How many RBC are in each cubic millimeter of adult male blood?: 5 million humoral: hormone released by body fluid hypertonic: term used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution hypochromic: RBC's paler than normal, low in hgb hypotonic: term used to describe a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome: high cortisol level, low ACTH level (physician induced)
In fatigue, what happens to force production over time?: Force falls b/c muscle cell's ATP is used up faster than it's produced. intracellular proteins: remains - due to intracellular pH & keep the inside of the cell membrane negative. irritability: ability to respond to stimuli & convert them into nerve impulses. isometric contraction: contraction in which a muscle is attempting to move a load greater than the force generated by the muscle. isotonic: term used to describe a solution that have the same concentration of solutes relative to one another isotonic contraction: contraction in which the force generated by the muscle is constant & greater than or equal to the load being moved. leukocytosis: excess count in WBC leukopenia: low count in WBC
List 3 examples of passive transport mechanisms: osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion low ACTH: less than 20 pg/ml low cortisol: less than 5mcg/dl macrocytic: abnormally large RBCs maximal stimulus: the stimulus beyond which there are no further increase in force. megaloblastic: large & abnormally nucleated RBCs microcytic: abnormally small RBCs motor unit: consists of a motor neuron & all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Directs muscles when & when not to contract. negative feedback: results in hormonal homeostasis, that is the maintenance of hormone levels within a particular appropriate physiological range neural: hormone released by nervous system. release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. normochromic: normal color w/ a normal concentration of hgb
One gram of hgb will bing with about how many ml of oxygen?: 1.34ml osmosis: the transport of water across a semipermeable membrane
Ovary secretes: estrogen pancreas secretes: insulin pituitary gland secretes: TSH poikilocytosis: abnormal shapes of RBCs polycythemia: excess count in RBC potassium: major cation found inside of a cell protein activity can be changed by...?: alter gene expression, phosphorylation of a protein to activate/deactivate it.
Ratio/fraction of the blood in the normal adult human: 1/12
RMP: refers to a membrane potential of about -70mv
Secondary adrenal insufficiency (hypopituitarism): low cortisol level, low ACTH level sodium: major cation found outside of a cell sodium-potassium pump: a neuron has a + charge on the outer surface of the cell membrane due in part to the action of an active transport system. stimulus frequency: refers to how often stimulus is applied. stimulus intensity: increase in the force of a stimulus (e.g. increased voltage) summation: the result of stimuli arriving one after another so quickly that twitches overlap.
Suppose that a membrane separates a solution of higher osmolarity and a solution of lower osmolarity. To prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane, pressure should be applied to which of the two solutions?: Higher osmolarity. The solution w/ higher osmolarity has a high conc. of solute & low conc. of water; therefore, this solution would need to have pressure applied in order to block waterfront coming in from the solution of lower osmolarity.
Target tissue & specific action of estrogen: uterus; enables the uterus to grow & develop.
Target tissue & specific action of FSH: ovaries; to get ovarian follicles to develop so that they may be ovulated & potentially fertilized.
Target tissue & specific action of insulin: blood cells; regulation of blood glucose levels & absorb glucose from the blood stream.
Target tissue & specific action of thyroxine: all cells of the body; maintains metabolism & body heat.
Target tissue & specific action of TSH: thyroid gland; control production of thyroxine. tetanus: plateau that results when a muscle is stimulated frequently over a prolonged period of time. threshold: the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane. threshold: minimal stimulus needed to elicit an AP thyroid gland secretes: thyroxine treppe: the progressive increase in force generated when a muscle is stimulated at a sufficiently high frequency.
Turk's solution: diluent for WBC, contains an acid that lyses the RBC's & a gentian violet stain that stains the nuclei of WBC's twitch: the mechanical response to a single action potential.
What are the 2 major physiological properties neurons, as with other excitable cells of the body have?: irritability & conductivity
What are the types of stimulus are there to study nerve physiology in the laboratory?: Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical, & Thermal Stimulation. (They are all capable of generating on AP in a nerve)
What are tropic hormones?: hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of other hormones.
What change in cell volume will occur when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?: Water will move out of the cell, causing the cell to become crenated.
What change in cell volume will occur when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?: Cell will expand. Water will move from the solution into the cell & if enough water enters the cell, the cell will eventually burst.
What effect did the administration of calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated rat?: Slight increase in VBD, but remains osteoporosis.
What effect did the administration of estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rat?: Increase in VBD, from osteoporosis to osteopenia.
What factor might be the high-intensity exercise fatigue?: Lactic acid buildup in muscles.
What factor might be the low-intensity exercise fatigue?: Depletion of energy reserves.
What has happened in the muscle when the maximal stimulus is achieved?: All the individual nerve fibers have been stimulated & responding all-or-none.
What is the effect of curare on eliciting an AP?: Curare affects the synapse rather than nerve propagation. b/c curare works by blocking synaptic transmissions so that neural impulses do not travel from neuron to neuron.
What is the effect of ether on eliciting an AP?: no nerve response
What is the effect of lidocaine on eliciting an AP?: Blocks sodium ion channels from opening, inhibiting AP.
What is the equation for Fick's First Law of Diffusion?: J = -DA△ｃ/△ｘ
What is the key variable in an isometric contraction?: muscle length
What is the relationship b/w size of a nerve and conduction velocity?: The larger the nerve, the faster the conduction velocity.
What is the role of hypothalamus in the production of thyroxine & TSH?: It is a primary endocrine gland that secretes several hormones affecting the pituitary gland. what morphology changes are seen in Hereditary Spherocytosis?: anisocytosis-microcytic,
normochromic what morphology changes are seen in Iron Deficiency Anemia/Cooley's Anemia/Thalassemia major?: anisocytosis-microcytic, hypochromic what morphology changes are seen in Pernicious Anemia?: anisocytosis-macrocytic, normochromic what morphology changes are seen in Sickle Cell Anemia?: poikilocytosis, normochromic
Which type of DM is the pt. at risk if dx w/ impaired glucose tolerance?: Type II DM
Which way does sodium-potassium pump move potassium?: into the cell
Which way does sodium-potassium pump move sodium?: out of the cell
Why didn't the administration of propylthiouracil have any effect on the metabolic rate of either the thyroidectomized rat or the hypophysectomized rat?: The rat needs both the pituitary glands as well as the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. PTU inhibits the production of the thyroxine, but thyroxine is already not being produced in this rat due to the absence of the pituitary &/or thyroid glands.
Why didn't the administration of TSH have any effect on the metabolic rate of the thyroidectomized rat?: The thryoid was removed from the rate & TSH travels to the thyroid to produce thryoxine. If the thryoid is not there, TSH's effect would be null.
Why is it important that Urea be removed from diabetic patients?: In a diabetic pt, kidney fxn is compromised & thus the body cannot effectively remove urea (a waste product) from the bloodstream. Too much urea in the blood will lead to nitrogen narcosis & eventually death.
Print Options
This box will be automatically hidden when printing. ← Back to Set Page
Alphabetize terms Flip terms and definitions
2hr OGTT level aboe 200mg/dl: confirms diabetes dx
2hr. OGTT level b/w 140-200mg/dl: impaired glucose tolerance absolute refractory period: period when cell membrane is totally insensitive to additional stimuli, regardless of the stimulus force applied.
ACTH: hormone released by the anterior pituitary. stimulated by a hypothalamic hormone, CRH, inhibited by cortisol.
Action Potential: large reversal of the membrane polarity that occurs when the membrane depolarizes to threshold. active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane that requires the expenditure of cellular …show more content…
energy (ATP)
Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency): low cortisol level, high ACTH level anemia: low count in RBC anisocytosis: abnormal sizes of RBCs avg. blood volume for females: 27.5ml/lb avg. blood volume for males: 30ml/lb conductivity: ability to transmit an impulse (to take the neural impulse & pass it along the cell membrane) convert lbs to gms to find out gm wt. of blood: [ weight(lbs) x 454g/lb ]/ 12 = gm wt. of blood cortisol: hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, is key to the long-term regulation of stress. stimulated by ACTH.
CRH: hormone that stimulates ACTH secretion, inhibited by cortisol cushing's disease (secondary hypercortisolism): high cortisol level, high ACTH level cushing's syndrome (primary hypercortisolism): high cortisol level, low ACTH level depolarization: reversal of membrane potential due to influx of sodium ions.
Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling.: An AP in a motor neuron triggers the release of Ach. Ach diffuses into the sarcolemma & binds to receptors in the muscle cell. The resulting change in ion permeability triggers a depolarization of the plasma membrane called an end plate potential. The end plate potential triggers a series of events that results in the contraction of a muscle cell.
Describe the three phases of a muscle "twitch": Latent period: period of time that elapses b/w the generation of an AP in a muscle cell & the start of a contraction. Contraction phase: a period of time that starts at the end of the latent period & ends when muscle tension peaks. Relaxation phase: period of time from peak tension until the end of muscle contraction. diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of random thermal motion
Does the addition of ether to the nerve cause any permanent alteration in neural response?: No, has no lasting effect. Ether impairs the ability of nerve fibers to function. (Blocks nerve transmission)
Equation to calculate the original number of RBCs in 1 cu mm (method 1): cell count from all 5 squares x dilution factor/ # of squares counted x vol. of individual square
Equation to calculate the original number of RBCs in 1 cu mm (method 2): cell count ( dilution x area x depth) facilitated diffusion: the movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane with the aid of specialized transport proteins fatigue: decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant force of contraction after prolonged, repetitive stimulation.
FPG value b/w 110-126mg/dl: dx as impairment or borderline impairment in glucose reading
FPG value greater than or equal to 126mg/dl: dx as diabetes in glucose reading
FPG value less than 110mg/dl: dx as normal range in glucose reading glucose standard curve: point of reference for converting optical density readings.
Gower's/Hayem's solution: diluent for RBC hemocytometer slide: forms a roof that is 1/10 mm above the grid surface high ACTH: greater than or equal to 80 pg/ml high cortisol: greater than or equal to 23mcg/dl hormonal: hormone released by another endocrine gland hormones are released in 3 ways: hormonal, neural, or humoral
How can concentration of water in a solution be decreased?: Increasing the solute conc. will decrease the water conc. b/c the solute conc. is the inverse of the solvent conc.
How does TRH travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?: via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
How many gm% of hgb does the avg. person carries?: about 15gm%
How many RBC are in each cubic millimeter of adult female blood?: 4.5 million
How many RBC are in each cubic millimeter of adult male blood?: 5 million humoral: hormone released by body fluid hypertonic: term used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution hypochromic: RBC's paler than normal, low in hgb hypotonic: term used to describe a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome: high cortisol level, low ACTH level (physician induced)
In fatigue, what happens to force production over time?: Force falls b/c muscle cell's ATP is used up faster than it's produced. intracellular proteins: remains - due to intracellular pH & keep the inside of the cell membrane negative. irritability: ability to respond to stimuli & convert them into nerve impulses. isometric contraction: contraction in which a muscle is attempting to move a load greater than the force generated by the muscle. isotonic: term used to describe a solution that have the same concentration of solutes relative to one another isotonic contraction: contraction in which the force generated by the muscle is constant & greater than or equal to the load being moved. leukocytosis: excess count in WBC leukopenia: low count in WBC
List 3 examples of passive transport mechanisms: osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion low ACTH: less than 20 pg/ml low cortisol: less than 5mcg/dl macrocytic: abnormally large RBCs maximal stimulus: the stimulus beyond which there are no further increase in force. megaloblastic: large & abnormally nucleated RBCs microcytic: abnormally small RBCs motor unit: consists of a motor neuron & all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Directs muscles when & when not to contract. negative feedback: results in hormonal homeostasis, that is the maintenance of hormone levels within a particular appropriate physiological range neural: hormone released by nervous system. release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. normochromic: normal color w/ a normal concentration of hgb
One gram of hgb will bing with about how many ml of oxygen?: 1.34ml osmosis: the transport of water across a semipermeable membrane
Ovary secretes: estrogen pancreas secretes: insulin pituitary gland secretes: TSH poikilocytosis: abnormal shapes of RBCs polycythemia: excess count in RBC potassium: major cation found inside of a cell protein activity can be changed by...?: alter gene expression, phosphorylation of a protein to activate/deactivate it.
Ratio/fraction of the blood in the normal adult human: 1/12
RMP: refers to a membrane potential of about -70mv
Secondary adrenal insufficiency (hypopituitarism): low cortisol level, low ACTH level sodium: major cation found outside of a cell sodium-potassium pump: a neuron has a + charge on the outer surface of the cell membrane due in part to the action of an active transport system. stimulus frequency: refers to how often stimulus is applied. stimulus intensity: increase in the force of a stimulus (e.g. increased voltage) summation: the result of stimuli arriving one after another so quickly that twitches overlap.
Suppose that a membrane separates a solution of higher osmolarity and a solution of lower osmolarity. To prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane, pressure should be applied to which of the two solutions?: Higher osmolarity. The solution w/ higher osmolarity has a high conc. of solute & low conc. of water; therefore, this solution would need to have pressure applied in order to block waterfront coming in from the solution of lower osmolarity.
Target tissue & specific action of estrogen: uterus; enables the uterus to grow & develop.
Target tissue & specific action of FSH: ovaries; to get ovarian follicles to develop so that they may be ovulated & potentially fertilized.
Target tissue & specific action of insulin: blood cells; regulation of blood glucose levels & absorb glucose from the blood stream.
Target tissue & specific action of thyroxine: all cells of the body; maintains metabolism & body heat.
Target tissue & specific action of TSH: thyroid gland; control production of thyroxine. tetanus: plateau that results when a muscle is stimulated frequently over a prolonged period of time. threshold: the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane. threshold: minimal stimulus needed to elicit an AP thyroid gland secretes: thyroxine treppe: the progressive increase in force generated when a muscle is stimulated at a sufficiently high frequency.
Turk's solution: diluent for WBC, contains an acid that lyses the RBC's & a gentian violet stain that stains the nuclei of WBC's twitch: the mechanical response to a single action potential.
What are the 2 major physiological properties neurons, as with other excitable cells of the body have?: irritability & conductivity
What are the types of stimulus are there to study nerve physiology in the laboratory?: Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical, & Thermal Stimulation. (They are all capable of generating on AP in a nerve)
What are tropic hormones?: hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of other hormones.
What change in cell volume will occur when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?: Water will move out of the cell, causing the cell to become crenated.
What change in cell volume will occur when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?: Cell will expand. Water will move from the solution into the cell & if enough water enters the cell, the cell will eventually burst.
What effect did the administration of calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated rat?: Slight increase in VBD, but remains osteoporosis.
What effect did the administration of estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rat?: Increase in VBD, from osteoporosis to osteopenia.
What factor might be the high-intensity exercise fatigue?: Lactic acid buildup in muscles.
What factor might be the low-intensity exercise fatigue?: Depletion of energy reserves.
What has happened in the muscle when the maximal stimulus is achieved?: All the individual nerve fibers have been stimulated & responding all-or-none.
What is the effect of curare on eliciting an AP?: Curare affects the synapse rather than nerve propagation. b/c curare works by blocking synaptic transmissions so that neural impulses do not travel from neuron to neuron.
What is the effect of ether on eliciting an AP?: no nerve response
What is the effect of lidocaine on eliciting an AP?: Blocks sodium ion channels from opening, inhibiting AP.
What is the equation for Fick's First Law of Diffusion?: J = -DA△ｃ/△ｘ
What is the key variable in an isometric contraction?: muscle length
What is the relationship b/w size of a nerve and conduction velocity?: The larger the nerve, the faster the conduction velocity.
What is the role of hypothalamus in the production of thyroxine & TSH?: It is a primary endocrine gland that secretes several hormones affecting the pituitary gland. what morphology changes are seen in Hereditary Spherocytosis?: anisocytosis-microcytic,
normochromic what morphology changes are seen in Iron Deficiency Anemia/Cooley's Anemia/Thalassemia major?: anisocytosis-microcytic, hypochromic what morphology changes are seen in Pernicious Anemia?: anisocytosis-macrocytic, normochromic what morphology changes are seen in Sickle Cell Anemia?: poikilocytosis, normochromic
Which type of DM is the pt. at risk if dx w/ impaired glucose tolerance?: Type II DM
Which way does sodium-potassium pump move potassium?: into the cell
Which way does sodium-potassium pump move sodium?: out of the cell
Why didn't the administration of propylthiouracil have any effect on the metabolic rate of either the thyroidectomized rat or the hypophysectomized rat?: The rat needs both the pituitary glands as well as the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. PTU inhibits the production of the thyroxine, but thyroxine is already not being produced in this rat due to the absence of the pituitary &/or thyroid glands.
Why didn't the administration of TSH have any effect on the metabolic rate of the thyroidectomized rat?: The thryoid was removed from the rate & TSH travels to the thyroid to produce thryoxine. If the thryoid is not there, TSH's effect would be null.
Why is it important that Urea be removed from diabetic patients?: In a diabetic pt, kidney fxn is compromised & thus the body cannot effectively remove urea (a waste product) from the bloodstream. Too much urea in the blood will lead to nitrogen narcosis & eventually death.