Plants Study Guide
Plants Study Guide Allison Henry G1
Plants
Charophyceans (green algae)- closest relatives of land plant
4 Shared Traits
1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of phragmoplast
a. Group of microtubules that form between daughter nuclei during division of cells
Adaptations
In charophyceans- layer of sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
Allows plants to live further from water
Derived Traits of Plants (5)
1. Apical meristems (elongate shoots and roots through primary growth)
2. Alternation of generations (multicellular diploid sporophyte-meiosis-haploid spores-divide mitotically-multicellular haploid gametophyte)
a. Fertilization of haploid gametes=diploid zygote
b. Diploid zygote=sporophyte generation
c. Sporophyte generation=gametophyte; gametophyte generation=sporophyte
3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
4. Multicellular gametangia
5. Multicellular dependent embryos
Byrophytes (moss) - form from ground-hugging carpets; at most only a few cells thick *absence of vascular tissue, cannot support tall plant growth
Sporophytes – seedless vascular plants
Vascular plants: Two types of vascular tissue:
1. Xylem (conducts water and minerals; includes dead cells called tracheids)
2. Phloem (distributes sugars, amino acids, other organic products; consists of living cells)
Leaves:
Microphylls- leaves w/single veins Megaphylls- leaves w/ highly branched vascular system
Seeds - Reduced gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains
Advantages:
1. Develop w/in walls of spores
2. Protected from UV radiation & protect against drying out
3. Obtain nutrients from parent
Gymnosperms – bear naked seeds, typically on cones (appeared early in the fossil record)
Angiosperms – include fruit and flowers Flowers – angiosperm structures, specialized for sexual reproduction
Sepals – enclose the flower
Petals – attract pollinators
Stamens – produce pollen
Carpels – produce
Plants
Charophyceans (green algae)- closest relatives of land plant
4 Shared Traits
1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of phragmoplast
a. Group of microtubules that form between daughter nuclei during division of cells
Adaptations
In charophyceans- layer of sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
Allows plants to live further from water
Derived Traits of Plants (5)
1. Apical meristems (elongate shoots and roots through primary growth)
2. Alternation of generations (multicellular diploid sporophyte-meiosis-haploid spores-divide mitotically-multicellular haploid gametophyte)
a. Fertilization of haploid gametes=diploid zygote
b. Diploid zygote=sporophyte generation
c. Sporophyte generation=gametophyte; gametophyte generation=sporophyte
3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
4. Multicellular gametangia
5. Multicellular dependent embryos
Byrophytes (moss) - form from ground-hugging carpets; at most only a few cells thick *absence of vascular tissue, cannot support tall plant growth
Sporophytes – seedless vascular plants
Vascular plants: Two types of vascular tissue:
1. Xylem (conducts water and minerals; includes dead cells called tracheids)
2. Phloem (distributes sugars, amino acids, other organic products; consists of living cells)
Leaves:
Microphylls- leaves w/single veins Megaphylls- leaves w/ highly branched vascular system
Seeds - Reduced gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains
Advantages:
1. Develop w/in walls of spores
2. Protected from UV radiation & protect against drying out
3. Obtain nutrients from parent
Gymnosperms – bear naked seeds, typically on cones (appeared early in the fossil record)
Angiosperms – include fruit and flowers Flowers – angiosperm structures, specialized for sexual reproduction
Sepals – enclose the flower
Petals – attract pollinators
Stamens – produce pollen
Carpels – produce