Poverty & Literacy

|Pharmacy |
|Sr. No. |Core Areas |Percentage |
|1. |Pharmaceutics |20% |
|2. |Pharmaceutical Chemistry |20% |
|3. |Pharmacology |20% |
|4. |Pharmacognosy |20% |
|5. |Practice of Pharmacy |20% |
| |Total |100% |

|Pharmacy (Detailed) |
|Sr. No. |Core Areas |Percentage |
| | | |
| |PHARMACEUTICS: | |
| |1. Pharmaceutical Principles and Drug Dosage Forms______6% | |
| |1.1 Physicochemical Behaviors: | |
| |1.1.1 Homogenous Systems: | |
| |Solutions: | |
| |Solvents, Solutes, Electrolytes, Non-electrolytes | |
| |Colligative properties: | |
|1. |Lowering of vapor pressure, Elevation of boiling point, Depression of freezing point, Osmosis and | |
| |Osmotic pressure. | |
| |Buffers and buffer capacity: |20 % |
| |What are the buffers, Buffer action, and Buffer capacity? | |
| |1.1.2 Heterogeneous (Disperse) Systems: | |
| |Basics about Suspensions and Emulsions | |
| |Dispersion stability: | |
| |Ideal dispersion, Particle size, Dispersed phase concentrations, Particle-particle interactions, | |
| |Density. | |
| | | |
| |Emulsion Stability: | |
| |Creaming, Coalescence, electrostatic repulsion, Phase inversion, Cracking. | |
| | | |
| |1.2 Chemical Kinetics and Drug Stability: | |
| |Introduction to stability of active ingredients: | |
| |Reaction rates and orders of reaction. | |
| | | |
| |Factors affecting the reaction rates: | |
| |Temperature, Presence of Solvent, Change in pH, Presence of additives. | |
| |Modes of pharmaceutical Degradation: | |
| |Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Photolysis. | |
| |2. Drug Dosage Forms ___________________________________6% | |
| | | |
| |Basics of Dosage forms: | |
| |Tablets: | |
| |Definition, Types, Advantages and disadvantages, Methods of Manufacturing, Excepients, Tablet | |
| |defects, Coating effects. | |
| |Capsules: | |
| |Definition, Types, Methods of Manufacturing, Excepients. | |
| |Oral drug solutions: | |
| |Syrups and their additives, elixirs and their additives. | |
| |Suspensions: | |
| |Types, Purpose of suspensions, Suspending agents. | |
| |Emulsions: | |
| |Types, Purpose of emulsion, Phases of emulsions, Emulsifying agents, Creams and Ointments; | |
| |Introduction, Types of creams and ointments, Types of their bases, methods for preparation. | |
| |Suppositories: | |
| |Introduction, Types, Suppository bases, methods for preparation. | |
| |Powders: | |
| |Definition, Advantages and Disadvantages, Micromeretics, Trituration, Pulverization, Levigation, | |
| |Spatulation, Simple and geometric mixing, Hygroscopic, Deliquescent substances, Eutectic mixtures. | |
| |Aerosol Products: | |
| |Introduction, Advantages and disadvantages, Aerosol additives. | |
| |Sterile Products: | |
| |Sterility, Introduction, advantages and disadvantages of additives of Injectable. | |
| | | |
| |3. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems __________8 % | |
| |Definitions: | |
| |Biopharmaceutics, Drug Product, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, | |
| |Absorption, Distribution, Elimination. | |
| |Biopharmaceutical Principles: | |
| |Drug Dissolution, Drug Solubility, Particle size and surface area, Partition coefficient and extent | |
| |of ionization, Salt formation, Polymorphism, Chirality, Hydrates, Complex formation. | |
| |Basic Pharmacokinetics: | |
| |Zero order and first order reactions, Models and compartments, Drug Distribution and elimination. | |
| |Bioavailability and Bioequivalence: | |
| |Relative and Absolute bioavailability, AUC, Cmax, Tmax, Half-life, Sustained Release/Controlled | |
| |Release Dosage forms, Introduction, Microencapsulation, Microspheres/Microcapsules, Dose dumping. | |
|2. | |20 % |
| |PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY: | |
| |1. Instrumentation_______________________________________6 % | |
| | | |
| |Basic Principle, instrumentation and Pharmaceutical applications of following techniques; HPLC, | |
| |UV-spectrophotometery, IR | |
| |2. Chemistry of Biomolecules_____________________________7% | |
| | | |
| |Introduction, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, | |
| |Enzymes and Hormones | |
| |3. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry ______________________7% | |
| |3.1 Structure Activity Relationship; | |
| |3.1.1 Structurally non-specific drugs, | |
| |3.1.2 Structurally specific drugs | |
| |Receptor-site theory, Receptor-site Binding, Stereochemistry (optical isomers, geometric isomers and | |
| |conformational isomers) | |
|3. | |20 % |
| |PHARMACOLOGY: | |
| |1. General Pharmacology_______________________________ 7 % | |
| | | |
| |Introduction,Pharmacokinetics,Pharmacodynamics, Dose, Efficacy, Safety, Potency, Dosage, Drug-Dose | |
| |Response curve, Therapeutic index, Receptors, Agonists and antagonists, Pharmacological antagonism | |
| |(Competitive and Non-competitive), Partial antagonist, Physiological antagonism, Neutralizing | |
| |antagonism. | |
| | | |
| |2. Mechanism of Drug Actions ___________________________7 % | |
| | | |
| |Cell surface receptors, Signal transduction by cell-surface receptors, Signaling mediated by | |
| |intracellular receptors, Target cell desensitization and hypersensitization, Pharmacological effects | |
| |not mediated by receptors (for example anesthetics and cathartics). | |
| | | |
| |3. Pharmacology of commonly used drug classes________6 % | |
| |Classification, mechanism of action, indications and adverse effects of following commonly used drug | |
| |classes; analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infective, antihypertensive, Diuretics, Anti-parasitic, | |
| |Anti-malarial, drug sued in gastrointestinal disorders. | |
|4. | | |
| |PHARMACOGNOSY: |20 % |
| |1. General introduction __________________________________7 % | |
| | | |
| |Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of | |
| |Classification. | |
| |Terminologies used in Pharmacognosy; Pharmacognosy, crude drugs, Preparation of Crude Drugs for | |
| |Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and | |
| |Adulteration of Crude Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs (Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical| |
| |and Biological). | |
| | | |
| |Allergens and allergenic preparation_____________________7 % | |
| | | |
| |Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, | |
| |contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy. | |
| | | |
| |3. Separation and isolation of plant constituents___________6 % | |
| |An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g. Adsorption Chromatography and | |
| |Partition Chromatography. | |
|5. | | |
| |PHARMACY PRACTICE: |20 % |
| |1. Community/Retail Pharmacy __________________________4% | |
| | | |
| |Basic introduction about; Prescription (parts, handling and filling of prescriptions), Medication | |
| |order, Difference between Prescription and Medication order, Dose calculations, Compounding, | |
| |Extemporaneous preparations, Pharmaceutical Care, Dispensing, Epidemiology, Drug abuse & Misuse, | |
| |Patient Medication Record. | |
| | | |
| |2. Medication errors______________________________________4% | |
| | | |
| |Definition, Types of errors; Wrong drug error, Extra dose error, Omission error, wrong strength | |
| |error, Wrong route error, Wrong time error, Wrong dosage form errors. | |
| | | |
| |3. Clinical Pharmacy ____________________________________4% | |
| | | |
| |Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Clinical trials, Importance of Clinical| |
| |Pharmacy, Pharmaco-economics, Pharmaco-vigilance, Patient Assessment, Patient Counseling, Patient | |
| |Compliance/non-compliance, Rational use of drugs, Drug Utilization Evaluation, Drug Utilization | |
| |Review. | |
| | | |
| |4. Adverse Drug Reactions_______________________________4% | |
| | | |
| |Definition and difference between Adverse drug reactions and side effects, Types of Adverse drug | |
| |reactions (Type-A and type-B). | |
| | | |
| |5. Drug interactions____________________________________4% | |
| | | |
| |Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions. | |
| |Total |100% |