According to Healey, O’Sullivan, and Smith (1998), there are various BIP models used in different states in the United States.
The most common is referred to as the Duluth model. This model helps men confront their attitudes towards power and control, while giving them other alternatives on how to deal with their partners. Many states mandate that BIP’s conform to the Duluth model. Some alternatives to the Duluth model are cognitive-intervention programs. The basis of such programs is that domestic violence or intimate partner violence occurs as a result of errors in thinking. This model focuses on anger management and skills training. Lately, programs based on psychology and criminal justice typologies are becoming increasingly popular. Also, couples therapy programs are growing. According to this model, men and women are equal participants in abuse (Healey et al.,
1998).