Recall Mr. Jones from the first case study. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) at the age of 59. Mr. Jones is an average north American man, he is slightly overweight and easts a typical western diet high in saturated fats. Upon further discovery, it was observed that Mr. Jones had PCa with a Gleason score of 7 (4+3), and large regions of hypoxia surrounding the primary tumour.…
Such as, if a person has a different variant of this gene it can cause cancer it is critical to understanding this gene. Matt Ridley failed to mention that this gene can have different variants which would give different variants enzymes that could cause cancer. The variants are caused by polymorphisms in the gene CYP17 which in turn affect the hormone levels which can cause cancer like, prostate cancer in males. In the article of “CYP17 Polymorphisms and Prostate Cancer Outcomes” it is a strong interest of area to look for polymorphisms or SNPs in the gene CYP17, they explain that polymorphisms in “men with genetic variants in CYP17 have altered enzymatic activity not only affecting their baseline hormone levels, but that such SNPs may also alter responsiveness to targeted therapies such as abiraterone acetate, a CYP17 protein inhibitor” (Vasaitis 1095). This helps us understand that polymorphisms and SNPs also play a big role in the Gene CYP17, and depending on the polymorphism of that gene it can be deleterious to the person or help them survive depending on the polymorphism. This gene has a certain polymorphism of the gene CYP17 that actually helps a person survive who has castration-resistant cancer, this means the treatments to lower testosterone levels are not working for the patient and have become resistant to treatment. The results of the article “CYP17 Polymorphisms and Prostate Cancer Outcomes”…
Long times ago, even during the 19th century, scientist all over the world had started to find the cure for cancer, one of the most feared disease you can ever imagine, simply because you don’t know what the cause and how to turn it off. Cancer started off with something very simple- when they cannot stop dividing. Normally, a healthy cell, when they are matured and ready to divide, will send some kind of information to the neighboring cells that it is going to undergo mitosis- a process of cell division and completed in different stage. In every stage, there will be a checkpoint where the cells are going to be self-examined and in order to pass the checkpoint; they have to be in the completely good condition. The responsible gene to destroy or recycle the damaged cells at the checkpoint is called the tumor suppressor genes. There are many known tumor suppressor genes; the first one discovered by human is Retinoblastoma but the most renowned one is p53. In the damaged cells, however, the tumor suppressor genes are turned off by mutation, which may change, add or delete some of the alleles in the genes, as a result, the gene cannot function in proper manner. In the absence of the tumor suppressor genes, damaged cells can proceed to the next step in mitosis and divide uncontrollably. When the damaged cells divided successfully, the process is repeated in the every daughter cell over and over again and these cells will form a lump of tissue called tumor. The overgrowing of tumor…
According to the American Cancer Society (2012), African American men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer are more likely to die than any other race or ethnicity. Prostate cancer ranks fifth in overall cause of death among African American men aged 45 and over. From 2009-2011, 42.5 per 100,000 African American men died from prostate cancer in Florida. Studies show that this disproportion is due to African American men not being screened in the early stages of the disease and delaying treatment in the later stages of disease progression…
Also perhaps suppressing is that cancer can be caused by malfunctions and mutations in the genes that govern the cell repair itself. There are tumour suppressor genes, which work to fix DNA error. However, if damaged, tumour suppressor genes can lead to cancer. The second are oncogenes which are mutated form of normal genes known as proto-oncogenes those oncogenes carry DNA sequences known to lead to cancer.…
First of all, dendritic cells are isolated from the prostate cancer patient. The specific tumor antigen is then isolated, which in this case is the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). The dendritic cells are then exposed in vitro to a fusion protein that is consistent of PAP and GM-CSF, which is a cytokine important in the activation and proliferation of these dendritic cells. The activated APCs are then reinfused into the patient and stimulate TH and Tc cells which then specifically target tumor cells in the prostate that express the PAP protein and destroy them. In addition to this method that enhances the immune response specifically for a certain type of antigen-expressing tumors, the GM-CSF cytokine could also be used in a different way. Tumor cells can be transfected with the gene encoding for GM-CSF and thus are engineered to express this cytokine when infused back into the patient. As a result of high expression of GM-CSF around the local tumor area, antigen-presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells, are stimulated to differentiate and activate the immune response by presenting the antigens to TH cells and -cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). That being said, the transfection of the tumor cells with GM-CSF gene also represents an interesting tumor vaccinations that, once is manipulated in vitro, could be infused back into the patient and…
The American Cancer Society is one of the oldest and largest volunteer based health foundations in the United States. This society is one of the greatest non-profit organizations nationwide. For over 100 years the American Cancer Society has worked relentlessly to save lives and to create a world that is cancer free. Two years ago, my sister was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, it was quite a ride for my entire family. After the doctors informed us of this horrible news, within days a biopsy and many scans were done to make sure they accurately knew where this tumor had formed. Days later we were in the emergency room and the surgery was in progress. Through these many months, the American Cancer Society was there not only there for research…
Cited: Cherath, Lata, et al. "Prostate Cancer." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 3578-3584. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.…
The cancer i chose to write about was bladder cancer. I'm not really sure why i chose this cancer but i find it cool that you can get cancer in all different places. Nobody knows the main cause of bladder cancer. Some things that may cause cancer is chronic bladder inflammation, chemical exposure or smoking. I find it very weird that smoking could affect your bladder or even drinking caffeine can. Cystoscopy is the main diagnostic test for bladder cancer, you can also get a bladder biopsy which will tell you if your cancer has spread. Another test is the imaging test. Bladder cancer usually occurs when abnormal cells in your bladder grow outside your usually place for them.…
D. Ziech, R. Franco, A. Pappa, V. Malamou-Mitsi, S. Georgakila, A. G. Georgakilas. (2010) The role of epigenetics in environmental and occupational carcinogenesis. Vol. 188 .340–349. Available at:…
John’s Story – ‘Testicular cancer nearly cost me my life and I have no-one to blame but myself’…
This disease could be looked at as both localized and metastatic. Prostate cancer that started in the prostate gland and has not spread to any other place in the body. This is called localized prostate cancer. This type of cancer is treatable, and does not really have much of a deadly effect on men who have contracted the disease. It is the first and second stages of prostate cancer in all men. This kind of cancer can be treated in three different ways; surgery, radiation therapy, and active surveillance. The more advanced type of prostate cancer is Metastatic prostate cancer. This form of cancer occurs when the cells break away from the tumor in which it has originally started in. Metastatic prostate cancers are composed of both androgen-dependent…
CHEMUNG COUNTY (WENY) - If you are a woman there is a high chance you will get a virus that is directly linked to causing cervical cancer. However, the virus can be prevented through a vaccine.…
Screening is different to diagnose as it is performed on people that do not have any symptoms; it doesn’t provide a diagnosis but rather identifies individuals at increased risk for follow up diagnostic testing. When a doctor diagnoses a person with a sickness such as cancer, it could cause an extravagant increase of mixed emotions. Some of these diagnoses are not as severe as for patients that have less time to treat their stage of cancer. Medicines and treatments that are prescribed for patients could lead to tiredness more than usual because of the amount of physical participation having to be used. Also, in many cases a physician would say to schedule a surgery, but the patient wouldn’t be in the need of one, either because the cancer isn’t in existence yet, but will be in the future or it could try to prevent the cancer from being a diagnose to them. The possibilities of a patient results on their screenings could be cured or not come into existence through time. Although many people believe in the importance of early cancer…
Cancer can be dangerous to human health. Symptoms of this disease depend on the type and location of the cancer. A patient diagnosed with cancer suffers different symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool. Expect chills, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Cancer can be detected early using different apparatus and tests like MRI scan, CT scan, Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Biopsy. The earlier we detect cancer, the lesser symptoms we’ll experience and the chance to cure this disease before it spread all over our body.…