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3. As the new Pope, what message do you think Pope Francis is sending to his Roman Catholic followers around the world through his actions? He’s sending a message to other cardinals, bishops and priests that this is what we need to do – to reach out to people, not being content to wait for them to come to us. More broadly, he’s sending the same message to all Catholics everywhere.…
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Elizabeth has been a drug user for a long time. Her friend believe that addiction has not a biological explanation as none of her friends are addicts and they do not encourage her to take drugs.…
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First, Pavlov used soundproof lab because it allowed to isolate experimenters from all extraneous stimuli during the experimental procedures. Second, Pavlov chose food as unconditioned stimulus because food will elicit the unconditioned response, which was the salivation of the dog. In order to find a neutral stimulus that was completely unrelated to food, Pavlov decided to use the metronome as the neutral stimulus . The ticking of the metronome was exposed to the dog, immediately followed by the food. After numerous trials under this condition, the dog has began to salivate after hearing the ticking of the bell. In another word, the metronome has changed from neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus , which has created the conditioned response of dog's salivation. Pavlov and his assistants also elaborated on this preliminary finding by using different unconditioned and neutral stimuli. For example, the odor of vanilla was presented after a mild acid solution (similar to lemon juice) was placed in the dog's mouth . The mild acid solution caused the dog to salivate . However, after several trials, the dog began to salivate solely to the odder of vanilla . Another importance finding was that the neutral stimulus did not affect the subjects conditioning if it was presented after the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov first gave the mild acid solution to the dog; and after awhile, presented the odor of vanilla . But there was no significant change of the dog's behavior. The odor of vanilla did not changed to a conditioned stimulus. he theory of Classical Conditioning (aka Pavlovian conditioning) has now been accepted universally and unchanged since its first finding through Pavlov's work. It is now used to explain various different human behaviors, such as causation of phobias, why people dislike certain food, source of emotions, etc. Pavlov's finding has showed that classical conditioning focuses on reflexive behaviors,…
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writing out the words of a song with the music of the song playing in the background.…
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With child abuse cases on the rise, children are being used as evidence in the courtroom; this involves them giving accurate eye witness testimony. Parker and Carranza conducted a laboratory study in 1989 to study the accuracy of age in eye witness testimony. They showed a mock crime scene video to a sample of primary school children and a sample of college students. They found that the primary school children were more likely to ‘just pick’ a criminal from a line up compared to college students who were hesitant about choosing anyone but they were more likely to identify the correct person; concluding that adults were more likely to give accurate eye witness testimonies. On the other hand though Ceci and Bruck completed a study that concluded children may have more accurate eye witness testimonies as they have no prejudices or schemas. They don’t stereotype people and are more likely to tell you it ‘how it is’. The lack of a schema in children means that they can sometimes be more useful than adult eye witness testimonies as they have no preconceptions of the crime/incident. Goodman and Schaff showed that the language used when asking a child a question may affect a child’s recall because of their level of understanding and word development. Overall it has to be said that children give a less detailed EWT but this doesn’t mean that it is any less accurate. Young children are more prone to leading questions and are more likely to change their answer if a question is repeatedly asked because they feel they need to impress someone and the judge is ‘correct’ on comparison to them.…
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Foreword ...........................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Using the Planner ............................................................................5 Chapter 2: About the TOEFL iBT® Test ..............................................................11 Chapter 3: Speaking..........................................................................................14 Chapter 4: Reading ...........................................................................................21 Chapter 5: Listening ..........................................................................................26 Chapter 6: Writing .............................................................................................31 Chapter 7: Test Day and Beyond ......................................................................38 Appendix 1: Sample Questions .........................................................................42 Appendix 2: Sample Score Report ....................................................................75 Appendix 3: Scoring Guides—Speaking ...........................................................77 Appendix 4: Scoring Guides—Writing...............................................................80 Appendix 5: Sample Independent Writing Topics .............................................83 Appendix 6: Speaking and Writing Score Conversion Charts...........................85…
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