Psychology Study Guide
PSYCH STUDY GUIDE
Neonatal Reflexes:
Babinsk: big toe lifts, other toes fan out
Moro Reflex: arms fling out and grab something when child feels like he’s falling
Palmer Grasp: touch a baby’s palms and his hand closes
Planter Grasp
Sucking- doesn’t need to learn how to breast feed
Rooting
Withdrawal – reaction to pain
Vigotsky’s Theory
Focuses more on cultural impact on human development
Believed children actively seek to discover new principles (like Piaget)
Zone of proximal development: the range of tasks a child cannot master alone, but can accomplish with guidance of a parent or elder
Scaffolding- process of adjusting instruction so that a beginner could better understand a problem or gain a mental skill
Believed puberty was hormonal, NOT a change into adulthood
ATTATCHMENT
Emotional attachment: an especially close emotional bond that infants form with their caregiver contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling humans get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm (like their mothers) separation anxiety: distress displayed by infants when they are separated from parents
Three types of attachment:
Securely attached- infants with a stable and positive emotional bond; are upset at mother’s absence and seek to be near her when she returns—show resilience, curiosity, problem-solving skills
Insecure-attachment- anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion –
Insecure Ambivalent- anxious emotional bond with both a desire to be with a parent and avoid her
Poor attachment can lead to mistrust and have a lasting impact on adulthood
Erkison’s Theories:
Focuses on the ego and emphasizes importance of interaction with social environment
Epigenetic Principle: development occurs through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities into 8 stages
Believes that humans face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage in life
Developmental tasks: skills that must be mastered, or personal changes that must
Neonatal Reflexes:
Babinsk: big toe lifts, other toes fan out
Moro Reflex: arms fling out and grab something when child feels like he’s falling
Palmer Grasp: touch a baby’s palms and his hand closes
Planter Grasp
Sucking- doesn’t need to learn how to breast feed
Rooting
Withdrawal – reaction to pain
Vigotsky’s Theory
Focuses more on cultural impact on human development
Believed children actively seek to discover new principles (like Piaget)
Zone of proximal development: the range of tasks a child cannot master alone, but can accomplish with guidance of a parent or elder
Scaffolding- process of adjusting instruction so that a beginner could better understand a problem or gain a mental skill
Believed puberty was hormonal, NOT a change into adulthood
ATTATCHMENT
Emotional attachment: an especially close emotional bond that infants form with their caregiver contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling humans get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm (like their mothers) separation anxiety: distress displayed by infants when they are separated from parents
Three types of attachment:
Securely attached- infants with a stable and positive emotional bond; are upset at mother’s absence and seek to be near her when she returns—show resilience, curiosity, problem-solving skills
Insecure-attachment- anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion –
Insecure Ambivalent- anxious emotional bond with both a desire to be with a parent and avoid her
Poor attachment can lead to mistrust and have a lasting impact on adulthood
Erkison’s Theories:
Focuses on the ego and emphasizes importance of interaction with social environment
Epigenetic Principle: development occurs through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities into 8 stages
Believes that humans face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage in life
Developmental tasks: skills that must be mastered, or personal changes that must