Related Learning Experience Essay

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
College of Nursing

In Partial Fulfillment of our Requirements for Community Health Nursing Level III
Related Learning Experience

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
September 2012

Submitted by
RLE 1.3
ARQUIZA, Andrea Noelle L.
ARREOLA, Ava Bianca U.
ARREOLA, Steven Claude L.
ARRIOLA, Ann Margaret C.
ARRIOLA, Ayesa S.
ASIS, Verna Patricia Ann J.
ASUNCION, Louine Aira S.
AUSTRIA, Paulene Faye D.
AVILA, Katherine Angela Nadine F.
AWKIT, Geneva Mae O.
BABANI, Michelle Kayne S.
BACALLA, Ana Gabrielle L.

Submitted to
Mrs. Monaryn A. Borbo, RN, MAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------6 a. Statement of Objectives--------------------------------------------------------6
b. Methodology and Tool Used--------------------------------------------------6 c. Scope and Limitations----------------------------------------------------------7 d. Rationale of the Activity---------------------------------------------------------7 II. CHAPTER II: COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS--------------------------------------8 e. Setting of the Community------------------------------------------------------8 f. Population--------------------------------------------------------------------------9 g. Socio-Cultural Indices---------------------------------------------------------12 h. Economic Indices---------------------------------------------------------------16 i. Health Indices------------------------------------------------- j. Environmental Indices------------------------------------------------- k. Summary------------------------------------------------- l. Problems Identified------------------------------------------------- m. HELPS Action Plan------------------------------------------------- III. CHAPTER III: SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES------------------------------------ IV. CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------- V. APPENDIX A: Financial Report--------------------------------------------------- VI. APPENDIX B: Pictures of Activities---------------------------------------------- VII. APPENDIX C: Curriculum Vitae--------------------------------------------------- VIII. APPENDIX D: Compact Disc------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The group would like to thank the Almighty Father for giving them the talent and capability to carry out such special project for the community.

Secondly, to their family and friends, for whom they won’t be able to survive both physical and emotional needs in fulfilling the tasks in this project.

Thirdly, to their Clinical Instructor, Mrs. Ramona Borbo, for whom they won’t get all the guidance they would need to finish this project and be able to step up to the next level as student nurses.

Lastly, to the community that was involved in this project. The group is grateful for being welcomed and entertained by the community.

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR) or Community Organizing is a continuous and sustained, as never-ending, process of awareness raising, organizing, and mobilizing. It is based on concrete analysis of the actual situation. This continuous process is by educating the people to understand and develop critical awareness of their existing condition, to work effectively with the people in their community, and to learn to take action towards their immediate needs and long-term problems. Its goal is to achieve development, the creation of a society that provides equal access to all benefits and opportunities the society can offer to the people.
COPAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sectors of the society, the powerless and the oppressed.
The group aims to provide tools for the clients to achieve community development and people empowerment.

A. Statement of Objectives

1. General Objectives * Determine the most common factors affecting the standard of living in the community * Portray the mean scores of age, gender, and different factors affecting the standard of living in the community

2. Specific Objectives * Determine the possible effect of the kind of living the community portrays * Identify the Risk factors, existing, and possible problems brought about their kind of living * Formulate programs and activities which will help in solving the identified problems and prevent the possible problems brought about by their kind of living *

B. Methodology and Tool Used

1. Respondents

The respondents were the 12 families who are presently residing in Barangay 485 Zone 83 Algeciras St., Sampaloc, Manila. The respondents were chosen via convenience sampling with no exception when it comes to the age and financial status. They were surveyed last September 8, 2012.

2. Instruments

The instrument used by the group to conduct a survey on the respondents is through the use of a survey form. The survey form incudes the details such as the demographic profile, health profile that includes medical conditions, nutritional index, and their health seeking behavior, and environmental profile of the family such as excreta disposal, refuse disposal, water supply, overcrowding, privacy, and others.

3. Treatment of Data

The data gathered were tallied and were sorted. The percentage and frequency distribution was obtained using the SPSS. These data were then interpreted and illustrated through tables and graphs. Through the graph, the group then made analyses that were related to previous studies

C. Scope and Limitations

The survey was conducted in Barangay 485 Zone 43 District 4 Algeciras St, Sampaloc, Manila. The group only surveyed 12 families from the total population of the barangay residents. The survey aims to gather information about the demographic, health, and environmental profile of each family. The information would be helpful to conduct specific programs that would cater the needs of the families based on the data obtained. The group focused on the poor families. The age was not considered as well as if the mother is pregnant or exclusively breastfeeding her baby.

D. Rationale of the Activity

To participate in implementing people empowerment and community development

CHAPTER II
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS

A. Setting of the Community 1. Description
Maria Clara Health Center caters both medical and dental health services to the people of Barangay 485 and 483, District IV. The total population of the community members that we had surveyed is “…”. Majority of the families resides beside the railroad. The families are over-crowded in their makeshift house, considering there are more than one family in the house, and they make use of street lamps and the sun as a source of light. Numerous animals were also roaming freely around the area. Several dumpsites were seen around the vicinity. The community manages their waste through garbage collection. The usual climate in the area is hot. Their means of communication is through personal conversations since the boundaries between houses are too close. For mode of transportation, they have train, taxi cab, bus, jeepneys and tricycles that usually pass by the area. Basketball court and a small playground are located nearby their houses that serve for their leisure and other recreational activities. The Barangay Hall, as well as the health center, is also accessible to the community people since it is near their houses. 2. Spot Map

FIGURE 2.1 SPOT MAP B. Population 1. Total Population Surveyed
There were a total of 58 people surveyed.

2. Total Population of the Families Surveyed
In the total surveyed population, a total of 12 families were surveyed.

3. Age and Sex Distribution
3.1 Sex Ratio = number of males (31) x 100 number of females(27) = 3127 x 100 = 115% (53.4% Male; 46.6% Female)

3.2 Age and Sex Distribution

FIGURE 2.2 SEX DISTRIBUTION GRAPH

AGE | MALE | % | FEMALE | % | TOTAL | % | 0-11 mos | 4 | 13% | 1 | 4% | 5 | 9% | 1-5 yo | 5 | 16% | 2 | 7% | 7 | 12% | 6-10 yo | 8 | 26% | 2 | 7% | 10 | 17% | 11-15 yo | 0 | 0% | 6 | 22% | 6 | 10% | 16-20 yo | 1 | 3% | 1 | 4% | 2 | 3.75% | 21-25 yo | 2 | 5% | 5 | 18% | 7 | 12% | 26-30 yo | 4 | 13% | 2 | 7% | 6 | 10% | 31-35 yo | 0 | 0% | 3 | 11% | 3 | 5% | 36-40 yo | 2 | 5% | 1 | 4% | 3 | 5% | 41-45 yo | 1 | 3% | 1 | 4% | 2 | 3.75% | 46-50 yo | 2 | 6% | 1 | 4% | 3 | 5% | 51-55 yo | 1 | 3% | 1 | 4% | 2 | 3.75% | 56-60 yo | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 61-65 yo | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 65 yo & Above | 1 | 3% | 1 | 4% | 2 | 3.75% | TOTAL | 31 | 100% | 27 | 100% | 58 | 100% |
TABLE 2.1 AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION
Analysis:
The gender can be related to the occupation of the community. Some believes that females work at home while the males are the ones who work outside and earn for the family. In the community, majority of the population surveyed are male wherein most of them work for their family since the occupation showed that majority of the occupation listed are compatible to male workers.

3.3 Age and Sex Pyramid

FIGURE 2.3 AGE AND SEX PYRAMID

Analysis:
The population pyramid shows that majority of the population in the community are at a young age which is known as an extensive pyramid. It indicates a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band. This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries, due to little access to and incentive to use birth control, negative environmental factors (for example, lack of clean water) and poor access to health care. The population pyramid can be related to occupation of the population since majority are in the working age. It can also be related to the monthly income they earn since minorities are dominating as compared to majorities. 4. Civil Status

FIGURE 2.4 CIVIL STATUS GRAPH

TABLE 2.2 CIVIL STATUS

Analysis:
Majority of the people surveyed are married and this goes to show that majority of the members of the community value the sacrament of matrimony which shows that the people believe in God and His teachings. Also, close family ties is a common characteristic. According to a journal entitled “Marital Status, Gender, and Subjective Quality of Life in Korea”, “for women, being married generally contributes to improvement in the subjective evaluation of the quality of life” and “for men being married has a positive affect and on the cognitive/evaluation response to life, it has no negative impact on the experience of negative emotions.” “Being married and being involved in religious activities are generally associated with positive effects in several areas, including physical and mental health, economic outcomes, and the process of raising children.” , according to the journal “The Benefits from Marriage and Religion in the United States: A Comparative Analysis”.

C. Socio-Cultural Indices 1. Educational Attainment

FIGURE 2.5 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT GRAPH

TABLE 2.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Analysis:
Majority of the population have attended school at the elementary level.
This is closely followed by the high school level. This may be attributed to problems in the family such as financial constraint and low income earned. It can be deduced that majority of the members of the community do not have proper, stable jobs which can help them provide for themselves and for their family members. According to the journal entitled “Family background, adolescents’ educational aspirations, and Australian young adults’ educational attainment”, “family social status, ethnic background, and adolescents’ educational aspirations combine to have large associations with young adults’ educational attainment”. According to another journal entitled ,” Low income hinders college attendance for even the highest achieving students“, “What is less well appreciated is the fact that even for academically high-performing students, income and poverty greatly affects subsequent educational attainment such as completing
college.”

1.1 Literacy Rate = No. of People who can Read & Write x 100 Total No. Of Population = 68.97% Analysis: Based from the results, forty people from the total population (58) are able to read and write. The lowest level that these people were able to attain was Elementary. 68.97% means that more than half of the population surveyed was able to go to school.

2. Religion

FIGURE 2.6 RELIGION

TABLE 2.4 RELIGION Analysis:
100% of the total population is Roman Catholic. As shown in the table and graph, all members of the community that were surveyed are Catholics. This means that the people are united by one religion and share common beliefs which will strengthen the bond of the community.

3. Place of Origin

FIGURE 2.7 PLACE OF ORIGIN GRAPH

TABLE 2.5 PLACE OF ORIGIN
Analysis:
The graph shows that 62% of the total population were born and raised up in Luzon; 5% were born and raised up in Visayas; 0% of the total population were born and raised up in Mindanao; and 33% of the total population were born and raised up in NCR.
Considering that most of the people in the community originated from Luzon, it can be said that the people have more or less similar culture, tradition and way of life which can strengthen the bond of the community. It is also easier for the people to communicate with one another because of the similarities and that the language barrier is not that big of a problem. Also, less conflicts will arise because most, if not all, can easily relate with one another. Knowing this information is very essential when doing health teachings in the community.

4. Length of Residency

FIGURE 2.8 LENGTH OF RESIDENCY GRAPH

TABLE 2.6 LENGTH OF RESIDENCY
Analysis:
The graph shows that 29% of the total population said that they were living in their current place of residence of 1-10 years now; 24% of the total population said that they were living in the current place of resident for 11-20 years now; 29% of the total population said that they were living in their current place of resident for 21-30 years now; 9% of the total population said that they were living in their current place of resident for 31-40 years as well as 9% for 41-50 years.
As shown above, 29% of the population has stayed in the barangay for 1-10 years or 21-30 years. Next, 24% has stayed for 11-20 years in the barangay. Lastly, 9% has stayed for 31-40 years or 41-50 years. Since majority of the members of the community have lived in the community for 21-30 years or 1-10 years, it can be said that most of the people are already used to the community setting and usual occurrences in the community. That being said, it can be assumed that most of them have already adapted to the community and most know how to utilize the resources present in the barangay. However, community leaders should still conduct surveys and the like to give out information to the community.

D. Economic Indices 1. Dependency Ratio = No. of Population 0-14y.o. + 65y.o. & above x 100
Total Population 15-64 y.o. = (30 / 28) x 100 = 107.14%
Analysis:
There are more dependent people in the total population surveyed. This shows that less than half of the population are the ones that need to work and study to help in raising their families. With this kind of result, it shows that lesser people are independent, and they are not enough to supply the needs of the ones depending on them.

2. Occupation

FIGURE 2.9 OCCUPATIONS GRAPH

TABLE 2.7 OCCUPATIONS
Analysis:
Majority in the community have an occupation of “magbobote”, following housewives, proceeding to scavengers, and others. The occupation of the residents may be related to their educational attainment, monthly income, health status of the bread winners and health seeking behavior. The higher their educational attainment is, the greater opportunities they will have to get stable jobs and enough income to provide the basic need for their family. According to a journal entitled “Features of Educational Attainment and Job Promotion Prospects”, “In much sociology research on occupational achievement it is presumed that the full effect of education can be understood from an examination of years of schooling. It is also commonly assumed that the impact of education on career development can be investigated without reference to an individual’s current organizational rank.”

3. Income of Workers

FIGURE 2.10 MONTHLY INCOME GRAPH

TABLE 2.8 MONTHLY INCOME
Analysis:
Majority of the population have a PHP5,000 or below monthly income.
This may be related to the lifestyle of the family and what basic needs they have provided for their family. It is based on the monthly income of what food and how many meals a day they take, the clothing they wear, and the house they provide as a shelter for their family. This is also related to the occupations and education attainment the bread winners have. Since majority in the community have finished the elementary and high school level, this may define what jobs they may take and the salary of those occupations. And mostly unstable or low income jobs where offered to high school and elementary graduates therefore attributing to the problem on how to provide the basic needs to the family members. The monthly income may be also related to the incidence of the people of seeking health care services. According to an article entitled “Children, Youth and Families & Socioeconomic Status”, “Socioeconomic status (SES) is often measured as a combination of education, income, and
occupation.”

E. Health Indices 1. Immunization Status

FIGURE 2.11 IMMUNIZATION

TABLE 2.9 IMMUNIZATION

Analysis:
Immunization is an important weapon to avoid harmful microorganisms. There are a lot of infectious diseases that might cause mortality to infants. Vaccine-preventable paediatric infectious diseases such as polio, measles and pertussis continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide (Fitzapatrick and Bauch, 2011). Most of the babies assessed haven’t completed yet their immunization since not all babies have reached yet their specific age for the scheduled vaccine. Immunization plays a big role for this community since majority of the families do not have enough protection basically because of their type of housing. Overcrowding can also be a source of infection that is why families should definitely keep an eye on the immunization schedule of their babies.

2. Infant Feeding Practice
FIGURE 2.12 INFANT FEEDING GRAPH

TABLE 2.10 INFANT FEEDING
Analysis:
Breastfeeding is a common trend for the 6 families since it is much cheaper compared to powdered milk. Since majority of the people has low income, they cannot afford to buy milk for their babies, reason why breastfeeding is commonly done. Breastfeeding is actually much more recommended and ideal to infant feeding since it contains antibodies and enough nutrition for the baby to fight off infection. Compared with breast-fed infants, formula-fed infants are more likely to develop an infection in the first year of life. This increased risk of infectious morbidity and mortality is explained, in part, by specific and innate immune factors present in human milk (Stuebe and Schwarz, 2010). There are a lot of risks of infection in the community brought about by overcrowding and the type of housing they have since safety and protection from the environment is altered that may pose threat to babies that is why breastfeeding is very important since breastfed babies have higher potential to fight off pathogens.

3. Medical Conditions

FIGURE 2.13 MEDICAL CONDITIONS GRAPH

Medical Conditions | Total | % | UTI | 1 | 0% | Blood Infection | 1 | 0% | Cough and Colds | 5 | 84% | Fever | 3 | 16% | Scabies | 1 | | Asthma | 1 | | Diarrhea | 1 | | 1st stage TB | 1 | | Foot injury | 1 | | Prostate Ca | 1 | | Underlying Problems | 1 | | Total | 17 | 100% |
TABLE 2.11 MEDICAL CONDITIONS Analysis:
Based on the figures above, majority or 29% of the total population surveyed experiences coughs and colds. 17% or 3 of the families experience fever. The remaining conditions / diseases are non-dominant in the community, occurring only one in every family.

Cough and colds is one of the dominant diseases occurring in the community. This is primarily due to several factors including improper hygiene and sanitation, environmental circumstances, inadequate ventilation, and even over-crowding. These factors make them very susceptible to developing diseases. They are even prone to developing communicable diseases, especially those that are weather-related.

4. Health Seeking Behavior

FIGURE 2.14 HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR GRAPH

TABLE 2.12 HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR Analysis: The group thinks that the reason behind this is that the patients prefer seeking medical attention wherein it is accessible and cheap. The health center offers free check-up and medications, and the health center is also located near their residence where it is only a walking distance. 5. Family Planning

FIGURE 2.15 FAMILY PLANNING GRAPH

TABLE 2.13 FAMILY PLANNING
Analysis:
Based on the table and graph shown above, 5 out of 12 families or 42% of the total population accepts family planning. However, another 5 or 42% of the total population does not consider family planning. 1 family tried family planning but stopped eventually, while the other family tried but failed. Out of the 7 families who accepted this method, 3 families used natural family planning, 2 used pills, while the other one used injectable and the other one did not specify the method used. For the 5 families who did not accept family planning method, 3 of them have concerns about the possible side effects. 1 family stated that family planning method is not commonly used in their family. While the other family lacks knowledge regarding the use of family planning method.
Between accepting and not accepting family planning, 7 out of the 12 families considered the method. This entails that they are aware of the use of family planning method and is knowledgeable about the effects of overpopulation in the family. Since, the total population surveyed are all Catholics, this entails that the use of natural family planning method is more dominantly accepted in the community. However, the other 5 families were not properly informed about the family planning program.

F. Environmental Indices 1. Home Ownership

FIGURE 2.16 HOUSING

TABLE 2.14 HOUSING
Analysis:
Based on the graph, 1 family own their house, 2 families rent their house, and 7 families stay in their houses for free.

House ownership can be related to the family’s socioeconomic status and occupation. The higher the socioeconomic status and the better the occupation, the more chances they can own a house. On the other hand, it is less observed to a family, who belongs to a lower socioeconomic class and has a lower-paying occupation or none at all, to own a house but rather rents for it or resides for free. Moreover, house ownership can also be associated to increased morbidity especially when there is overcrowding. Lack of housing and the overcrowding found in temporary housing for the homeless also contribute to morbidity from respiratory infections and activation of tuberculosis. (Krieger and Higgins, 2002).

2. Ventilation

FIGURE 2.17 VENTILATION

TABLE 2.15 VENTILATION

Analysis:
Based on the graph, only 2 families have adequate ventilation while the remaining 8 families have inadequate ventilation in their homes.
Ventilation or the quality of air in the houses is related to the type of housing materials and the house space. The better the quality of the materials used to build the house and the bigger space there is, the better quality of air circulates the house. It can also be associated with the number of windows and doors in a house which provides the entrance and exit of air and other gases inside the house. Moreover, ventilation can also be due to a family’s financial status. Homes of people with low income are more likely to be too warm or too cool because they are less well insulated, often have relatively expensive forms of heating such as electric baseboards, and frequently lack air conditioning. Additionally, occupants often cannot afford to pay for the energy needed to make their homes comfortable. As housing and energy prices continue to climb, low- and moderate-income households make tradeoffs between having enough food, staying warm, and living in adequate housing, with resultant adverse effects on health. (Krieger and Higgins, 2002).

3. Overcrowding

FIGURE 2.18 OVERCROWDING

TABLE 2.16 OVERCROWDING
Analysis:
Most of the families of the total surveyed population are over-crowded in a house. This depends on how spacious their houses are and how big a family is. Considering these facts, the family members are more prone to develop and transmit infectious diseases, especially those that are airborne transmitted. Their level of comfort might also be decreased due to lack of adequate space for each member of the family. Overcrowding can also cause lack of privacy. They do not have their own space which may affect their own sense of security.

4. Type of Housing

FIGURE 2.19 TYPE OF HOUSING

TABLE 2.17 TYPE OF HOUSING
Analysis:
In comparison to the house ownership of the families, this is closely related to the type of housing as well. The 7 informal settlers are most probably living in a makeshift house composed of various materials such as plywood, cardboards, and sack to name a few. Considering these probability, most families of the total surveyed population are more prone to accidents especially with occurrence of calamities. The houses are not as stable as those made of concrete. The same goes with houses made of light materials, such as wood and “yero”. This may be associated with the occupation and monthly income of the family. Stable job and high salary can help improve their home and make it a more suitable and safe for living.

5. Lighting

FIGURE 2.20 LIGHTING

TABLE 2.18 LIGHTING 6. Privacy

7. Water Supply

8. Food Storage

9. Excreta Disposal

Analysis:
Majority of the population is sharing the public comfort room. The community members use the means of pouring of water to dispose of excreta due to no-flush of toilets. This can be related to the medical conditions aspect because one can acquire infection or disease from sharing of the public comfort room.“The safe disposal of human excreta is essential for public health protection. The unsafe disposal of excreta is a principal cause in the transmission of pathogens within the environment and improvements in excreta management provide significant reductions in diarrhoeal disease” (Esrey et al., 1991; Esrey, 1996). It can also be related to economic status of the family in terms of their monthly income. Having sufficient money, one could own a toilet or fix the toilet flush for better convenience.

10. Refuse Disposal

Analysis:
The community has an organized garbage disposal management through collection. Garbage disposal is one way of lessening the pollution in the area. It also helps in controlling insect hovering. Moreover, it maintains the cleanliness of the area. “Exposure to airborne contaminants from garabge could affect the health of their children and community members.” (Zagozewski, 2011). Acquiring of various diseases will also be lessened. “The community waste sites contain a variety of waste materials including; plastics, wood, paper, cardboard, tires, and electronics. Open air trash burning is known to create conditions for incomplete combustion and, as a result, a complex mixture of substances can be released to air for potential inhalation.” (Zagozewski, 2011). Thus, having an organized garbage disposal management, there will be adequate ventilation for the community.

11. Insect and Vermin Control

Analysis:
From the results gathered, 7 families use mechanical method of insect and vermin control. This method entails the use of non-chemical options that may help reduce the amount of pesticides used in and around the homes. Such non-chemical options include using fly swatters and/or setting up traps. (Subramanyam & Wawrzynski). The preference of mechanical method over chemical method is very much related to health and financial aspects of a family. The use of pesticides as a method of insect and vermin control should be the last resort as it may impose a health threat among the members of the household. (Subramanyam & Wawrzynski). In terms of financial matters, since most of the surveyed families earn less than their need, mechanical method is their best option for insect and vermin control.

12. Domestic Animals

Analysis:
Based on the data gathered, majority of the families interviewed own a pet at home, 10 of which do not have pens and 3 do. The notion that animals benefit human health and wellbeing has become a widespread belief. While people commonly see pets as a negative source of allergens, quite the opposite can also be true. Exposure to pets at a young age actually helps to build a child's immune system. Relaxing or playing with a pet helps to relieve stress because such activities release serotonin and dopamine, chemicals that enhance feelings of calmness and pleasure. (Marx). However, some researchers say otherwise regarding the health benefits of people from owning pets at home, and one of which is a domesticated cat. Because of their small size, domesticated house cats pose little physical danger to adult humans. Many cat bites will become infected, sometimes with serious consequences such as cat-scratch disease, or, more rarely, rabies. Cats may also pose a danger to pregnant women and immune suppressed individuals, since their feces can transmit toxoplasmosis. A large percentage of cats are infected with this parasite, with infection rates ranging from around 40 to 60% in both domestic and stray cats worldwide. Allergic reactions to cat dander and/or cat saliva are common. (Floristmontreal, 2010). Owning domesticated animals does not just affect the family who owns them, but the community surrounding the household as well. Much is considered in terms of how the animals or pets are controlled at home – caged or not caged. Since majority of the domesticated animals of the surveyed families are not caged, this may impose health threat to the community such as asthma and rabies. As families do not use pens for their pets, this is closely related to the type of housing and overcrowding. In a house fit only for a certain number of people, putting up pens may not be suitable for them. The same goes for families who earn less than their needed amount of money to sustain the needs of the family.

G. Summary
The community is primarily composed of the younger generation ages 6-15. Using the given data, it can be derived that majority of the people living in the community is still dependent to the working-age group. On the other hand, it was revealed that the community has higher male population compared to female group. However, there is a higher female population that belongs to the working group (ages 21-25) which implies that most female are into work and basically support their family. Majority of the population have attended school at the elementary level. This is closely followed by the high school level. This may be attributed to problems in the family such as financial constraint and low income earned. All members of the community that were surveyed are Catholics. This means that the people are united by one religion and share common beliefs which will strengthen the bond of the community. Most of the people in the community originated from Luzon, it can be said that the people have more or less similar culture, tradition and way of life which can strengthen the bond of the community. It is also easier for the community members to communicate with one another because of the similarities and that the language barrier is not that big of a problem. Most of them have already adapted to the community and most know how to utilize the resources present in the barangay. No company is willing to employ workers that were not able to graduate and does not have any job experience that is why the people in the community try their best to look for a job even an independent job. Because of this, their family’s monthly income is affected thus causing problems such as inability to provide their basic needs like food, clothing, decent housing, water supply, electrical supply, and others which may eventually affect their health status.

With regards to immunization, some babies did not reach the right age yet to receive the specific vaccine. In medical conditions, cough and colds is one of the dominant diseases occurring in the community. This is primarily due to several factors including improper hygiene and sanitation, environmental circumstances, inadequate ventilation, and even over-crowding. The health center offers free check-up and medications, and the health center is also located near their residence where it is only a walking distance. In family planning, they are aware of the use of family planning method and are knowledgeable about the effects of overpopulation in the family. Since, the total population surveyed are all Catholics, this entails that the use of natural family planning method is more dominantly accepted in the community.

Majority of the community members do not have a legal claim on the land where they settle their makeshift houses. Considering these facts, they are prone to accidents and acquiring diseases. Moreover, they lack safety, privacy, and security, especially when calamities occur. Inadequate ventilation was also identified due to overcrowding, limited space and lack of windows. This shall make the families prone to developing illness and easy transmission of communicable diseases. Based on total surveyed population, majority are over-crowded in a house, the family members are more prone to develop and transmit infectious diseases, and especially those that are airborne transmitted. In housing, living in a makeshift house composed of various materials such as plywood, cardboards, and sack makes the community members more prone to accidents especially with occurrence of calamities. The houses are not stable than those made of concrete. Majority have no or limited access to electricity. There are no outlets and they only depend on street lamps and the sun as a source of light. Most of the families do not have privacy inside their place of residence. This may lead to a decreased sense of security inside the household. Water supply shared with the other families since majority do not have the capacity to afford Level 3 water supply on their own. Shared water supply may also result to competition of the families that may result to conflicts between families. Most of the families are not capable of having electric power supply which does not make them capable of having their food refrigerated. These may result to them having a higher rate of food spoilage in case of having left-over. In excreta disposal, majority of the population is sharing public comfort room. The community members use the means of pouring of water to dispose of excreta due to a no-flush of the toilet. One can acquire infection or disease from sharing of the public comfort room. While in refuse disposal, the community has an organized garbage disposal management. The community has a proper control on insects and vermin. It was also observed that most of the families depend on using mosquito coil because of its affordability and its effectiveness. There are numerous animals seen roaming freely around the area, the community members are at risk to be bitten and acquire infectious diseases.

H. Problems Identified I. HELPS Action Plan

Population Pyramid

A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which normally forms the shape of a pyramid.

It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the population plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the total population.

A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of development and other aspects of the population. A population pyramid also tells the council how many people of each age range live in the area. There tends to be more females than males in the older age groups, due to females' longer life expectancy.

Types of population pyramid

Population pyramids for 4 stages of the demographic transition model

While all countries' population pyramids differ, three types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.

Stable pyramid - A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.

Stationary pyramid - A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, also called a constrictive pyramid.

Expansive pyramid - A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. This wide base indicates a large number of children. A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band. This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries, due to little access to and incentive to use birth control, negative environmental factors (for example, lack of clean water) and poor access to health care.

Constrictive pyramid - A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older.

Young and aging populations

Generally a population pyramid that displays a population percentage of ages 1–14 over 30% and ages 75 and above under 6% is considered a "young population" (generally occurring in developing countries, with a high agricultural workforce). A population pyramid that displays a population percentage of ages 1–14 under 30% and ages 75 and above over 6% is considered an "aging population" (that of which generally occurs in developed countries with adequate health services, e.g. Australia). A country that displays all or none of these characteristics is considered neither.

Youth bulge
It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article entitled Youth bulge. (Discuss)
This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (April 2009)
See also: Baby boom
Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for South and Southeast Asia and Central America.

The expansive case was described as youth bulge by Gary Fuller (1995). Gunnar Heinsohn (2003) argues that an excess in especially young adult male population predictably leads to social unrest, war and terrorism, as the "third and fourth sons" that find no prestigious positions in their existing societies rationalize their impetus to compete by religion or political ideology.

Heinsohn claims that most historical periods of social unrest lacking external triggers (such as rapid climatic changes or other catastrophic changes of the environment) and most genocides can be readily explained as a result of a built-up youth bulge, including European colonialism, 20th-century fascism, and ongoing conflicts such as that in Darfur and terrorism.[citation needed]

One problem with this line of reasoning is that under conditions prevailing before the introduction of modern medicine, death rates were much higher than they are now, and almost all societies had youth bulges even when their population growth rate was negligible. However, they certainly did not experience such youth bulge as prevails today in some parts of the world or as prevailed in twentieth century Germany or in Africa and the Middle East nowadays.

It is not just that most periods of unrest occurred in societies with youth bulges, but that some of the pre-modern periods of any sort existed in societies with such bulges as well. Nevertheless, since the improvement of medicine and its introduction, the element of youth bulge has become far more salient than before. Therefore, perhaps it cannot explain massacres throughout human history, but it can serve as rather plausible theory to explain the terror, social unrest, and uprisings in today's society.[original research?]

Another problem is that it ignores the social consequences of poverty, corruption and mass unemployment among young males in developing countries, where most of the world's current population growth is occurring. The "youth bulge" is not an accurate predictor of social unrest, war and terrorism, because they are the product of far more complicated and interrelated set of factors ,of which demographics only plays a part. Yet, even when there are other factors and circumstance to enable mass unrest, a youth bulge is likely to be one of them.[original research?]

Youth bulge theory represents one of the most recently developed theories of war and social unrest, and has become highly influential on U.S. foreign policy as two major U.S. proponents of the theory, U.S. political scientist Jack Goldstone[1] and U.S. political scientist Gary Fuller,[2] have acted as consultants to the U.S. government.[original research?]

Afghanistan shows a classical youth bulge.

Angola shows the same, even more pronounced.

China had an extreme youth bulge until the 1960s, when it sharply curbed partly as an effect of the one-child policy.

Compare the population pyramid of the USA which was bulging until the 1960s and has steadily slimmed since.

Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge. Structural changes in service provision, especially health care, beginning in the 1960’s created the conditions for a population explosion, which has resulted in a population comprised primarily of younger people. It is estimated that around 65% of the regional population is under the age of 30.[3]

The Middle East has invested more in education than most other regions such that education is available to most young people.[4] However, that education has not led to higher levels of employment, and youth unemployment is currently at 25%, the highest of any single region[5]. Of this 25%, over half are first time entrants into the job market.[6]

The youth bulge in the Middle East and North Africa has been favorably compared to that of the Asian Tigers, which harnessed this human capital and saw huge economic growth in recent decades.[7] The youth bulge has been referred to by the Middle East Youth Initiative as a demographic gift, which, if engaged, could fuel regional economic growth and development

Uses of population pyramids

Population pyramids can be used to find the number of economic dependents being supported in a particular population. Economic dependents are defined as those under 15 (children who are in full time education and therefore unable to work) and those over 65 (those who have the option of being retired). In some less developed countries children start work well before the age of 15, and in some developed countries it is common to not start work until 30 (like in the North European countries), and people may work beyond the age of 65, or retire early. Therefore, the definition provides an approximation. In many countries, the government plans the economy in such a way that the working population can support these dependents. This number can be further used to calculate the dependancy ratio in that population.

Population pyramids can be used to observe the natural increase, birth, and death rate.
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