Research and Application
Research and Application
Emily Sutton
1. Why was Barbara McClintock awarded a Nobel prize (1983) for her work? Why was her contribution significant? (3 marks)
Barbara McClintock was awarded a Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. The discovery of mobile genetic elements was significant because these are a key part in factors in viruses spreading, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes in bacteria. By discovering these, strategies have been proposed on how to fight the bacterial infections that are caused by these virulence factors.
2. Fredrick Sanger has been awarded the Nobel prize twice. What were his contributions to the development of processes that improved genetic technology? (4 marks)
Frederick Sanger was first awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958 for showing how amino acids join together and form insulin. This discovery lead the way to analyzing any protein in the body. Sanger won his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980 for inventing a way of reading the letters that make up the genetic code. This ended up leading to the development of biotechnology drugs, and was the starting point for the discovery decades later of decoding the whole human genome.
3. What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project? (3 marks)
The purpose of the Human Genome project is to essentially find all of the human genes (estimated at around 20 000- 25000). Also to find a complete sequence for the DNA base pairs that makes up the human genome. In addition to this main goal, they were also aiming to find the genome sequence in other animals.
4. Why is the work of Cohen and Boyer significant and explain some of the applications for their contribution? (3 marks)
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer began investigations that lead to the development of methods to combine and transplant genes, essentially DNA cloning. This allowed genes to be transferred between species. This was the beginning of genetic engineering.
5. Explain DNA
Emily Sutton
1. Why was Barbara McClintock awarded a Nobel prize (1983) for her work? Why was her contribution significant? (3 marks)
Barbara McClintock was awarded a Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. The discovery of mobile genetic elements was significant because these are a key part in factors in viruses spreading, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes in bacteria. By discovering these, strategies have been proposed on how to fight the bacterial infections that are caused by these virulence factors.
2. Fredrick Sanger has been awarded the Nobel prize twice. What were his contributions to the development of processes that improved genetic technology? (4 marks)
Frederick Sanger was first awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958 for showing how amino acids join together and form insulin. This discovery lead the way to analyzing any protein in the body. Sanger won his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980 for inventing a way of reading the letters that make up the genetic code. This ended up leading to the development of biotechnology drugs, and was the starting point for the discovery decades later of decoding the whole human genome.
3. What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project? (3 marks)
The purpose of the Human Genome project is to essentially find all of the human genes (estimated at around 20 000- 25000). Also to find a complete sequence for the DNA base pairs that makes up the human genome. In addition to this main goal, they were also aiming to find the genome sequence in other animals.
4. Why is the work of Cohen and Boyer significant and explain some of the applications for their contribution? (3 marks)
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer began investigations that lead to the development of methods to combine and transplant genes, essentially DNA cloning. This allowed genes to be transferred between species. This was the beginning of genetic engineering.
5. Explain DNA