Respiratory Nomenclature

Anatomy Review Sheet 2

Respiratory Nomenclature
Upper Respiratory VS Lower Respiratory -Are separated by the larynx
-Upper Respiratory is the conducting pathway;
Histology: Pseudo Stratified Ciliated Columnar Epilithlial Tissue.
-Lower Respiratory Tract is everything below the larynx, exchange pathway. Meaning perfusion. Histology: Simple, because you want more passive mechanisms of perfusion.

-Terminal Bronchiole Alveoli
The rate limiting step and the final common pathway that you have perfusion exchange. The Alveoli, is the final common pathway for exchange of O2 and CO2.

Respiratory System Anatomy
Nose: Prepares the air, warms the air, humidifies the air, to prepare for an interface between the body and the external world, The nose often has hairs whose function is to stop unwanted particles from entering the lungs.
Pharynx: Distinct regions—nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Common denominator for respiratory and digestive system.
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Different Alveoli Cells:
Type I alveolar cells -simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs - Important for exchange.
Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) * Free surface has microvilli * Secrete alveolar fluid containing SURFACTANT * Lowers surface tension, increasing perfusion.

Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary embolism is blockage in one or more arteries in your lungs. In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to your lungs from another part of your body — most commonly, your legs. Pulmonary embolism is a complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is clotting in the veins farthest from the surface of the body. Fat or air bubble in the vascular system can cause a Thromboembolic event.

**Chronic Pulmonary Resistance conditions exist in the Right Ventricle because the right ventricle thickens. **

Blood Gases
A blood gas test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. When we take blood gases on our patients we are looking for partial pressure of O2 and CO2.

*WHEN WE DISCUSS PULMONARY PERFUSION THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT IF FROM HIGH TO* *LOW.*
Digestion
The digestive tract, also known as the alimentary canal and consists of what is known as an upper gastrointestinal tract and a lower GI.
The upper is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and the stomach
The lower is made up of the bowels, the small and large intestines and the anus.

The upper gastrointestinal tract is the site of food processing. Most mechanical digestion occurs in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.
-Mouth comprises the oral mucosa, buccal mucosa, tongue, teeth, and openings of the salivary glands. The mouth is the point of entry of the food into the GI tract and the site where digestion begins as food is broken down and moistened in preparation for further transit through the GI tract.
-Pharynx which leads to a hollow muscular tube called the esophagus or gullet.
-Esophagus to the stomach by the mechanism of peristalsis—coordinated periodic contractions of muscles in the wall of the esophagus.

The stomach, in turn, leads to the small intestine…………

The lower gastrointestinal tract, consisting of the small intestine and large intestine, is the main location where nutrient processing and absorption occurs.

The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus.

The small intestine is where most digestion takes place.
Three parts:
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
-Accessory organs, such as the liver and pancreas help the small intestine digest, and more importantly, absorb important nutrients needed by the body.
-Digestion is for the most part completed in the small intestine, and whatever remains of the bolus have not been digested are passed onto the large intestine for final absorption and excretion.

Histology of the Small Intestine
-Plica Circularis: Circumferential/ Circular folds that add to absorption assimilation.
-Villi/MicroVilli- Increase cross sectional capabilities, creates more capability to absorb and assimilate.

The large intestine – Also has three parts… -Cecum - The appendix is attached to the cecum.
-Colon - Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid flexure, is where feces are formed after absorption is completed
-Rectum-Propels feces to the final part of the GI tract, the anus which is under voluntary control, releases waste from the body through the defecation process

Function of Digestion System:
The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs, which process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body. Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the molecules are small enough to be absorbed and the waste products are eliminated. The digestive tract, also called the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, consists of a long continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue and teeth are accessory structures located in the mouth. The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are major accessory organs that have a role in digestion. These organs secrete fluids into the digestive tract.

Food undergoes three types of processes in the body:
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

Digestion and absorption occur in the digestive tract. After the nutrients are absorbed, they are available to all cells in the body and are utilized by the body cells in metabolism.

The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by body cells through six activities, or functions:

Ingestion
The first activity of the digestive system is to take in food through the mouth. This process, called ingestion, has to take place before anything else can happen.

Mechanical Digestion
The large pieces of food that are ingested have to be broken into smaller particles that can be acted upon by various enzymes. This is mechanical digestion, which begins in the mouth with chewing or mastication and continues with churning and mixing actions in the stomach.

Chemical Digestion
The complex molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells. Chemical digestion, through a process called hydrolysis, uses water and digestive enzymes to break down the complex molecules. Digestive enzymes speed up the hydrolysis process, which is otherwise very slow.

Movements
After ingestion and mastication, the food particles move from the mouth into the pharynx, then into the esophagus. This movement is deglutition, or swallowing. Mixing movements occur in the stomach as a result of smooth muscle contraction. These repetitive contractions usually occur in small segments of the digestive tract and mix the food particles with enzymes and other fluids. The movements that propel the food particles through the digestive tract are called peristalsis. These are rhythmic waves of contractions that move the food particles through the various regions in which mechanical and chemical digestion takes place.

Absorption
The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through cell membranes of the lining in the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries. This process is called absorption.

Elimination
The food molecules that cannot be digested or absorbed need to be eliminated from the body. The removal of indigestible wastes in the form of feces, is defecation or elimination.

Histology of the Stomach
Gastic Pits
Musoca
Submusosa
Muscularis- RUGAE: FOLDS IN THE STOMACH. IMPORTANT FOR ABSORPTION ASSIMILATION. VAGUS NERVE IS THE PARASYMPETHTIC NERVE THAT CAUSES THIS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM. AUTUMATICALLY CONTROLLED.
Serosa

Specificity of the Liver
Functions: Turns proteins into glucose, turns triglycerides into glucose, turn excess glucose into glycogen, and store in the liver, turn glycogen back into glucose as needed. Synthesizes bile. Bile is important for the emulsification of fats.
-Kupffer Cells phagocytize microbes and foreign matter. Also play a role in apoptosis.
-Bile is stored with the Gallbladder

Specificity of the Pancreas
The pancreas is in both the digestive system and the endocrine system.
Digestive system: It secretes…..
1.pancreatic amylase - Carbohydrate digestion
2.PANCREATIC LIPASE - Fat digestion
3.PANCREATIC PEPTIDASE- Protein digestion)
4.PANCREATIC NUCLEASE -Nucleic acid digestion: into the duodenum of the small intestine.

Endocrine: It secretes insulin (signals cells to take up glucose from the blood) and glucagon (signals the conversion of glycogen back to glucose to increase blood glucose levels).

*BONUS*
Phase 1:
Oral Ingestion
-Chewing
Chemical Breakdown
-Sublingual Lipase/Salivary
-Amylase/Lipase
-Chemical breakdown of carbs and sugars -Degradation of triglycerides
Mechanical Breakdown
Mastication
Chewing

Phase 2:
Peristalsis- contraction od the muscles ~ rhythmical contraction circular and longitudinal. It begins at the retrophargeneal interphase. Active throughout the whole GI tract.

Phase 3:
Absorption/Assimilation
Take in to use. Maximal absorption/ assimilation occurs in the small intestine in the jejunum.

Phase 4:
Resorption/ Evacuation
-Absorption of water/ electrolytes/ Defecation.

Dysmia: Labored Breathing
Hypoxia: Low O2
Apnia: No breathing
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus. Emphysema, which involves destruction of the lungs over time
CRPD: TB/POLIO