Robert Russa Moton's Forgotten Hero
Robert Russa Moton is a forgotten hero. He devoted his entire adult life to improving educational opportunities for African Americans and he also launched movements for racial equality and interracial cooperation. However, no students today knew his name or his achievements. He was an excellent and distinguished American educator and an advisor to several presidents and he consistently opposed discrimination against minorities in the U.S., but he has been forgotten by the society. He had a happy childhood with his relatives’ love and support. His grandparents instilled in him a love for Ponca language, history, and culture. When he was a lad, he was sent to an Indian boarding school where he began to learn English. Years later, he gradually forgot his own language. Boarding school life introduced him to the pan-Indian
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movement and Clyde Warrior who co-founded the National Indian Youth Council and fought injustice and rallied Native American students. Although he was interested in social activists’ ideas, Haines did not participate in the fight for civil rights immediately.
He did not participate in the Red Power movement but served his country by joining the Vietnam War. After the war, he settled in San Francisco. Unemployed Haines decided to participate in the American Indian Movement, spreading the ideas and strategies. The takeover of Alcatraz galvanized Haines to take action. He was concerned about the plight of American Indians. As an experienced veteran, he often helped to arrange security for particular demonstrations and engagements. Haines had taken part in some significant civil rights struggles, such as the Long Walk II, The Trail of Broken Treaties, the takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs building, and the efforts to protect fishing rights. After years’ fighting for equality, personal demons about wars still haunted him. He wanted to improve himself and learned more about his culture and native spirituality. He had made lots of efforts to achieve racial equality, but people today could not find information about him in books or on the Internet. He was forgotten by the
society.
Duane A. Robey is also a forgotten hero. He was an infantryman in Germany during World War II. In 1944 when others were celebrating the New Year’s Eve, Duane and six other handpicked soliders set out for a mission at 11:00 pm. He believed that the mission would go smooth because he had completed more than 30 forays. The group was ordered to assault a German observation post and capture a German prisoner and they had to cross the enemy’s minefield to outflank the target. When they were only thirty or forty feet from the target, they unfortunately stepped on a mine hidden below the surface. Duane was seriously injured. Although he was painful, he had to keep silent in order to protect other members. The group decided to retreat. Duane had to crawl for a long distance to avoid being identified by Germans. They hid themselves under a broken bridge which shielded them from the Germans. Stretcher-bearers came at 4:00 am and the seven members all returned to the American lines safely. Duane spent much time recuperating in a tent hospital nearby. However, they were attacked by Germans there because the Germans threw a bomb. Duane had to spend extra time recuperating in Paris. When he first returned home in 1945, nightmares haunted him. He decided to resume college education and graduated from the University of Minnesota in June 1950 and then got a master’s degree in science in the University of Mary. Then he was engaged in teaching for about thirty years. From 1998, he took part in international campaign to ban the production, sale, and use of landmines. He participated in a series of conferences, organizations, and gatherings actively to oppose landmines. Although they were ordinary people and the majority of us had never heard about their names, they contributed much to the better in the world today.
7. Ennis essay on the evolution of the modern media since World War II. Show the trends that have occurred in television and movies since 1945.
Modern media has changed dramatically in the past half century. In the 1950s, televisions were still rare and only rich people could afford them. Additionally, early models were bulky and limited to black and white. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Hays Code was strict and it limited any expression of sexuality, childbirth, consumption of alcohol, and crime, and any other indecent content. Movies at that time featured images of strong, independent Americans fighting off real or symbolic communist threats and American fears about the Cold War. Some directors found new ways to express restricted topics. For example, the director of To Catch a Thief used symbolism to express ideas of lovemaking. Ben Hur indicated homosexuality. In the 1950s, Hollywood saw the emergence of new talents in movies, such as Marilyn Monroe, Marlon Brando, and Elizabeth Taylor. In the 1950s, the number of televisions increased rapidly. However, television networks only broadcast several hours a day and NBC, ABC, and CBS dominated television programming. Early television programs were various shows about singing, dancing, and comedy hosted my popular stars. “I love Lucy” in 1951 became the first comedy in television. Television programs in the 1950s showed fewer or no minorities, such as Hispanics and African Americans or divorced parents and single mothers. Quiz shows were also popular and “The $64,000 Question” was a successful program of the 1950s. Television advertising also became prevalent in the 1950s. Large companies sponsored popular television shows to advertise their produces.
When it came to the 1960s, westerns, science fiction, and action-adventure programming dominated television programs. Westerns with rugged cowboys displayed images of American masculinity and their storylines were straight and simple. Programs about espionage and action-adventure shows were also popular, such as James Bond movies and Mission Impossible. Comedies still had their position in television, such as the popular “Gilligan’s Island”. Late night television shows opened a new page for the television history. “The Tonight Show” hosted by Johnny Carson appeared in 1962 and combined a wide range of popular guests. The 1960s also witnessed the emergence of cartoons which became an essential part of American culture. “The Flintstones” in 1960 was the first animated series. However, cartoons also tended to describe domestic and suburban life. New categories of movies demonstrating space also appeared, such as the “Star Trek” in 1966. Televisions demonstrated their role in political affairs in the 1960s and John Kennedy and Richard Nixon participated in the first television debate. The Vietnam War became the first war which was reported on the television.
The 1970s was an important decade for American movies. Many new directors appeared and changed American cinema, such as Steven Spielberg. Movies also began to express restricted topics and set new boundaries for movies. For example, “Caligula” was basically pornographic with violence. Adventure movies with special effects were also popular in the 1970s. “Star Wars” became the most successful movie in the decade. Television programs began to pay more attention to political and social changes and also broke the restrictions of the conventional code. Women were not only limited to mothers and wives in television programs. For example, “The Mary Tyler Moore” featured a single, unmarried woman with a successful career. “All in the Family” was a successful comedy which concerned race, politics, and sexuality. Mini-series also appeared, such as “Roots”. In the 1980s, the prevalence of VCR allowed viewers to record television shows and the production of movies on videotape allowed people to watch movies at home. The development of cable television channels meet people’s different needs, ranging from news and sports to weather and politics. CNN, the most widely seen news channels came into existence in the 1980s. Soap operas became an important television show and sitcoms emerged. Action-adventure and science-fiction movies were most popular movie categories in the 1980s.
In the 1990s, special effects became more advanced. “Titanic” was a successful movie benefiting from the use of vastly improved special effects. Horror movies found their way to viewers, such as “Science of the Lambs”. Another important trend of movies was the prevalence of movies based on historical events, such as “Schindler’s List”. Movies about social issues, such as gang violence, were also released in the 1990s. Sitcoms were still popular, such as “Friends”. The 1990s witnessed a multitude of television choices on cable, and the addition of satellite TV introduced more programming choices. Reality-based programs became a sudden popularity in the 1990s, especially in the 2000s after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.
movement and Clyde Warrior who co-founded the National Indian Youth Council and fought injustice and rallied Native American students. Although he was interested in social activists’ ideas, Haines did not participate in the fight for civil rights immediately.
He did not participate in the Red Power movement but served his country by joining the Vietnam War. After the war, he settled in San Francisco. Unemployed Haines decided to participate in the American Indian Movement, spreading the ideas and strategies. The takeover of Alcatraz galvanized Haines to take action. He was concerned about the plight of American Indians. As an experienced veteran, he often helped to arrange security for particular demonstrations and engagements. Haines had taken part in some significant civil rights struggles, such as the Long Walk II, The Trail of Broken Treaties, the takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs building, and the efforts to protect fishing rights. After years’ fighting for equality, personal demons about wars still haunted him. He wanted to improve himself and learned more about his culture and native spirituality. He had made lots of efforts to achieve racial equality, but people today could not find information about him in books or on the Internet. He was forgotten by the
society.
Duane A. Robey is also a forgotten hero. He was an infantryman in Germany during World War II. In 1944 when others were celebrating the New Year’s Eve, Duane and six other handpicked soliders set out for a mission at 11:00 pm. He believed that the mission would go smooth because he had completed more than 30 forays. The group was ordered to assault a German observation post and capture a German prisoner and they had to cross the enemy’s minefield to outflank the target. When they were only thirty or forty feet from the target, they unfortunately stepped on a mine hidden below the surface. Duane was seriously injured. Although he was painful, he had to keep silent in order to protect other members. The group decided to retreat. Duane had to crawl for a long distance to avoid being identified by Germans. They hid themselves under a broken bridge which shielded them from the Germans. Stretcher-bearers came at 4:00 am and the seven members all returned to the American lines safely. Duane spent much time recuperating in a tent hospital nearby. However, they were attacked by Germans there because the Germans threw a bomb. Duane had to spend extra time recuperating in Paris. When he first returned home in 1945, nightmares haunted him. He decided to resume college education and graduated from the University of Minnesota in June 1950 and then got a master’s degree in science in the University of Mary. Then he was engaged in teaching for about thirty years. From 1998, he took part in international campaign to ban the production, sale, and use of landmines. He participated in a series of conferences, organizations, and gatherings actively to oppose landmines. Although they were ordinary people and the majority of us had never heard about their names, they contributed much to the better in the world today.
7. Ennis essay on the evolution of the modern media since World War II. Show the trends that have occurred in television and movies since 1945.
Modern media has changed dramatically in the past half century. In the 1950s, televisions were still rare and only rich people could afford them. Additionally, early models were bulky and limited to black and white. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Hays Code was strict and it limited any expression of sexuality, childbirth, consumption of alcohol, and crime, and any other indecent content. Movies at that time featured images of strong, independent Americans fighting off real or symbolic communist threats and American fears about the Cold War. Some directors found new ways to express restricted topics. For example, the director of To Catch a Thief used symbolism to express ideas of lovemaking. Ben Hur indicated homosexuality. In the 1950s, Hollywood saw the emergence of new talents in movies, such as Marilyn Monroe, Marlon Brando, and Elizabeth Taylor. In the 1950s, the number of televisions increased rapidly. However, television networks only broadcast several hours a day and NBC, ABC, and CBS dominated television programming. Early television programs were various shows about singing, dancing, and comedy hosted my popular stars. “I love Lucy” in 1951 became the first comedy in television. Television programs in the 1950s showed fewer or no minorities, such as Hispanics and African Americans or divorced parents and single mothers. Quiz shows were also popular and “The $64,000 Question” was a successful program of the 1950s. Television advertising also became prevalent in the 1950s. Large companies sponsored popular television shows to advertise their produces.
When it came to the 1960s, westerns, science fiction, and action-adventure programming dominated television programs. Westerns with rugged cowboys displayed images of American masculinity and their storylines were straight and simple. Programs about espionage and action-adventure shows were also popular, such as James Bond movies and Mission Impossible. Comedies still had their position in television, such as the popular “Gilligan’s Island”. Late night television shows opened a new page for the television history. “The Tonight Show” hosted by Johnny Carson appeared in 1962 and combined a wide range of popular guests. The 1960s also witnessed the emergence of cartoons which became an essential part of American culture. “The Flintstones” in 1960 was the first animated series. However, cartoons also tended to describe domestic and suburban life. New categories of movies demonstrating space also appeared, such as the “Star Trek” in 1966. Televisions demonstrated their role in political affairs in the 1960s and John Kennedy and Richard Nixon participated in the first television debate. The Vietnam War became the first war which was reported on the television.
The 1970s was an important decade for American movies. Many new directors appeared and changed American cinema, such as Steven Spielberg. Movies also began to express restricted topics and set new boundaries for movies. For example, “Caligula” was basically pornographic with violence. Adventure movies with special effects were also popular in the 1970s. “Star Wars” became the most successful movie in the decade. Television programs began to pay more attention to political and social changes and also broke the restrictions of the conventional code. Women were not only limited to mothers and wives in television programs. For example, “The Mary Tyler Moore” featured a single, unmarried woman with a successful career. “All in the Family” was a successful comedy which concerned race, politics, and sexuality. Mini-series also appeared, such as “Roots”. In the 1980s, the prevalence of VCR allowed viewers to record television shows and the production of movies on videotape allowed people to watch movies at home. The development of cable television channels meet people’s different needs, ranging from news and sports to weather and politics. CNN, the most widely seen news channels came into existence in the 1980s. Soap operas became an important television show and sitcoms emerged. Action-adventure and science-fiction movies were most popular movie categories in the 1980s.
In the 1990s, special effects became more advanced. “Titanic” was a successful movie benefiting from the use of vastly improved special effects. Horror movies found their way to viewers, such as “Science of the Lambs”. Another important trend of movies was the prevalence of movies based on historical events, such as “Schindler’s List”. Movies about social issues, such as gang violence, were also released in the 1990s. Sitcoms were still popular, such as “Friends”. The 1990s witnessed a multitude of television choices on cable, and the addition of satellite TV introduced more programming choices. Reality-based programs became a sudden popularity in the 1990s, especially in the 2000s after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.