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Rock
COP4020
Programming
Languages
Compiler phases
Prof. Xin Yuan

Overview


Compiler phases









10/2/2013

Lexical analysis
Syntax analysis
Semantic analysis
Intermediate (machine-independent) code generation
Intermediate code optimization
Target (machine-dependent) code generation
Target code optimization

COP4020 Spring 2013

2

Source program with macros

A typical compilation process
Preprocessor
Source program

Compiler
Target assembly program

Try g++ with –v, -E, -S flags on linprog.

assembler
Relocatable machine code

linker
Absolute machine code

10/2/2013

COP4020 Spring 2013

3



What is a compiler?


A program that reads a program written in one language
(source language) and translates it into an equivalent program in another language (target language).


Two components





Understand the program (make sure it is correct)
Rewrite the program in the target language.

Traditionally, the source language is a high level language and the target language is a low level language (machine code). Source program compiler

Target program Error message
10/2/2013

COP4020 Spring 2013

4

Compilation Phases and Passes


Compilation of a program proceeds through a fixed series of phases






Each phase use an (intermediate) form of the program produced by an earlier phase
Subsequent phases operate on lower-level code representations

Each phase may consist of a number of passes over the program representation




10/2/2013

Pascal, FORTRAN, C languages designed for one-pass compilation, which explains the need for function prototypes
Single-pass compilers need less memory to operate
Java and ADA are multi-pass

COP4020 Spring 2013

5

Compiler Front- and Back-end
Abstract syntax tree or other intermediate form

Source program (character stream)

Scanner
(lexical analysis)

MachineIndependent Code
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