This “breakthrough” sought to inform psychiatrist that mental illness was not caused due to infected organs in the body or decaying teeth. Mental disorders came from an idea more complex than Cotten’s as it wasn’t a physical abnormality that caused these disorders but rather a mental one. Cotton’s research gave leading psychiatrist a clean slate or new concept on how these patients should be correctly treated to the leading years to…
Rosenhan theorized that if the criteria for the diagnosis are adequate, then the mental health professionals should be able to distinguish between the sane and the insane. Also, he wanted to identify if the diagnosis are tied more to the situation than to the patient. To prove his theory, Rosenhan introduced normal people…
Reliability is also an issue for diagnosis. This was raised by Rosenhan (1973) who claimed that situational factors were more important in determining the ultimate diagnosis of schizophrenia, rather than any specific characteristics of the person.…
He conducted research to better understand antisocial behaviour and clinical disorders. One of his experiments was conducted in an attempt to discover if murderers who have pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) show evidence of brain abnormalities. The study used PET scans to examine the brains of 41 people (39 males and 2 females) who were charged with murder and were pleading Not Guilty for Reasons of Insanity (NGRI) and compared them with 41 controls. All the NGRIs were referred to the imaging centre for legal reasons, such as to obtain evidence for the defence. The reasons for the referrals included schizophrenia, head injury, and personality disorders.…
The Rosenhan (1973) study contains many ethical issues such as deception to the hospital staff and stress for the actors. Although this experiment significantly reflected on the inaccuracy of psychiartric diagnosis, the degree of generalizability on applies to psychiatric hospitals in the United States. The methodology of this experiment produced accurate results. In another sense, concepts of abnormality are cultural bound therefore this experiment may not be an accurate representation in other cultures. Since…
In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the author Ken Kesey, portrays sanity versus insanity, and maybe most predominantly, who gets to determine what qualifies as sane versus insane. The ward’s mentally ill patients happen to be the “different” people in society, which is why they are institutionalized. Chief Bromden considers this social economic society as “the combine” because it reminds him of a huge machine. Chief Bromden thinks that the combine is going to turn into a dehumanized society where people act like robots and do not think for themselves. The people who do not conform to this dehumanized society end up in the ward. It is "a factory for the Combine. It's for fixing up mistakes made in the neighborhoods and in the schools and in the churches..."(Kesey 40). The combine is a made up establishment that portrays how society was during the 1950’s.…
In Catch 22, a novel written by Joseph Heller one can see how Heller creates this world that is all over the place and that nobody would have ever expected. The actual meaning of Catch 22 is that it is a dilemma in which there is no escape because of contradictory rules. In Catch 22, one can see how war takes a toll on everyone and everything by the actions of people, occurring events, and much more.…
Bibliography: Carson, R., Butcher, J., and Mineka, S. (2000). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, Eleventh Edition. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.…
This course discusses the issues and controversies surrounding the meaning and categorization of psychological abnormality. We will also describe the major symptoms, hypothesized or suggested causes, and accepted treatments for major categories of mental disorder as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, version IV-TR, always keeping in mind the criticisms of this categorization system. The goals of the course include a deeper understanding of the nature, causes of, and current treatments for, psychopathology, and - more importantly - an appreciation for the tentative and incomplete nature of our understanding of mental illness.…
“The Civil War would be a tragedy for the nation, and a disaster for the South.” Stated by Sam Houston himself. Yet 65,000 Texans served. The civil war was a war between the North and the South, but why? Texans fought in the Civil War to preserve slavery, to earn state’s rights, and just for the love of Texas.…
In this study, D. L. Rosenhan attempted to answer the question of whether or not people can discern between normal and abnormal behavior. Abnormality, or lack of it, was the aspect of human behavior that they were interested in. A person's diagnosis of being mentally ill or not is based off of his or her abnormality. Furthermore, the diagnosis affects the degree of treatment that the patient is to receive. However, there is no definite definition for abnormality; thus, it is difficult to categorize a person as normal or abnormal since the dividing factor between the two opposites are unclear. In summary, a person's level of normality or abnormality is based on different behavioral factors under the judgment of others. In order to find an answer, Rosenhan conducted a study where he and seven other people entered a mental facility under the guise of being schizophrenic.…
The idea of madness is central in the novel Regeneration, and since the very beginning is presented as a struggle between the 'real' madness and the social conventions that lead people to think what should or should not be considered madness. The text is introduced with a letter written by one of the main characters, Siegfried Sassoon, who is going to be sent to a mental hospital for protesting against the war. But after reading the letter which is supposed to prove Sasoon's mental illness, the doctor in charge of the case, W.H.R. Rivers, starts doubting about if it is real illness or not. In fact, in the conversation he has with one of his colleagues after reading the letter, we can read the sentence ''Does it matter what his mental state is?''. So, although later on we find out that Sasoon has terrible nightmares and hallucinations, the reason why he is sent to hospital is purely social, he is sent there because he complains about what is socially acceptable, which in this war-time was going to the front to fight for your country. Actually, in a way, the reader is told right in the first chapter that Sasoon is not insane, when the author uses an external analepsis to narrate the conversation he had with his friend before knowing that he was going to be sent to Craiglockhart. In this conversation is clearly stated that he does what he does to be consistent with his ideas, even if he have had some hallucinations or nightmares because of traumas related to war (fact that is presented as something totally understandable and as something that would not affect his mental health until the point of being considered as insane, just as something that the authorities would use against him to put him in a mental hospital instead of a regular prison, and this way avoid the pacifist propaganda). So here a new question arises: is truth a universal reality? And even more important, if it is so, can we know it by heart or will we just…
Holden Caulfield is an insane person in a sane world. What is insanity? Insanity is when you’re in a state of mind that prevents normal perception, behavior or social interaction. This state is mental illness. Insanity is when you do things in deranged or outrageous ways that could frighten people, or make people feel uncomfortable when around you. It’s when you do things out of the ordinary; yet feel as if they are ordinary. Insanity could come about when you’re depressed, or after a traumatic event, and sometimes even by keeping all your feelings bottled up inside of yourself. Sane people are sensible, reliable, well-adjusted and practice sound judgment. It’s behavior that is expected in a society. By these definitions Holden Caulfield is an insane person in a sane world due to his inability to deal with the real world, his obsession with irrelevant details, and his overly judgmental and critical nature. Holden Caulfield is from the book The Catcher and the Rye. By J.D Salinger. Holden Caulfield is the protagonist in the novel and the narrator of the novel.…
The M'Naghten Rule is used for testing legal insanity, sometimes refereed to as the "right-wrong" test which is used by most states, Criminal defendants that are found to be legally insane cannot be convicted of charges arising from that specific mental defect or disability. Courts use one of these legal tests to determine whether a defendant truly is legally insane. (The M'Naghten Rule (n.d.). The M'Naghten Rule focuses on determining if a criminal defendant knew he or she was committing a crime or understood right from wrong at the time it was committed.…
Insanity and the Law: Various Rules Regarding the Insanity Defense and Which Rule for Judging Legal Insanity is Most Useful Today.…