Principal-agent theory. In this time of ever more scarce government resources, the idea that one level of government can mandate the activities and therefore resource usage of another may seem counter-intuitive. Taken together with the politics-administration dichotomy, it would appear that civil servants have little control over what they do on a daily basis or how they are allowed to do their jobs. In reality, though, the bureaucrat signals the elected official in a number of ways about his or her preferences when it comes to methods of serving their clients, the public receiving the benefits of that agency’s activities (Lang, 2005, p.295). And elected officials similarly signal the bureaucrats. The challenge, though, comes from the many competing influences on the bureaucrat, surrounded by competing viewpoints and therefore differing directions to follow. Learning how to successfully navigate this complicated web of government level influence is a major task for public administrators!…
Comparative Book Review: Making the Case or Beating the System? Charles T. Goodsell, The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2004). 208 pp. $COST (paper), ISBN: 9781568029078. Russell L. Ackoff and Sheldon Rovin, Beating the System: Using Creativity to Outsmart Bureaucracies (San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2005).…
In this paper we will discuss the final stages of how a topic becomes a policy. The paper will discuss formulation, implementation, and the legislation stage. These stages must be done in this order to ensure the policy is being formed the correct way and not scattered around. This paper will also consist of the evaluation stage, analysis stage, and revision stage and describe the purpose and methodologies process for evaluating and revising a public policy.…
Rulemaking – Large group, future conduct, based upon facts and policy, sets standards by which a person may be adjudged or sanctioned.…
The Occupational Safetey and Health Administration (OSHA) is part of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA issued a "Directive" under which each employer in selected industries was to be inspected unless it adopted a "Comprehensive Compliance Program (CCP)"-a safety and health program designed to meet standards that in some respects exceeded those otherwise required by law. The Chamber of Commerce of the United States who represents the industry-objected to the Directive and filed a petition for review with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The Chamber claimed, in part that OSHA did not use proper rulemaking procedures in issuing the directive. OSHA argued that it was not required to follow those procedures because the Directive itself was a "rule of procedure." OSHA claimed that the rule did not "alter the rights or interests of parties, although it may alter the manner in which the parties present themselves or their viewpoints to the agency."…
Government agencies formulate and issue rules, statements designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy. Through rule making, government agencies can regulate the future conduct of persons. Rule making is essentially a legislative action because, like the making of laws, the making of rules is an action that becomes applicable in the future. In contrast to rule making, adjudication is a process of determining pas and present rights and liabilities. The result of an adjudicative proceeding is the issuance of an order, rather than a…
Underlying body of rules used by actors/institutions of the legal system, to regulate behavior of the state/citizens in pursuit if justice, through social control, social change, dispute resolution…
They might not make the law, but they are the ones who enforce the changes. They put all the pieces into effect and make it work by any means necessary. The phase “get away with murder” applies to a lot of the bureaucrats. They can avoid and manipulate the laws they are supposed to enforce, but thinks that the laws doesn’t apply to…
Modern Bureaucracy in the United States serves to administer, gather information, conduct investigations, regulate, and license. Once set up, a bureaucracy is inherently conservative. The reason the bureaucracy was initiated may not continue to exist as a need in…
Rulemaking is the creation, amend, or reject and repeal rules. Rules are used by agencies of the government after Congress passes statutes. These are also called regulations. Regulations do not start in the executive branch of government where agencies form. They start in the Congress, where they are the requirements for the establishment of the agency involved or function of an agency. The rules start with a legislative act of Congress.…
But a more realistic analysis suggests that bureaucracies often make decisions based on a much more limited range of information and analysis. In one of the earliest formulations of this view, bureaucracies make decisions by "muddling through."…
Rulemaking refers to the process federal agencies use to make new rules or regulations. Congress, for example, passes a great deal of statutes that govern the people of the United States of America. However, most of the details of the rules are polished by federal agencies through the rulemaking process. The regulations start in the Congress and form the requirements for the establishment of the agency involved or function of an agency. However, rules start with a legislative act of Congress.…
Even though rulemaking has an affect on citizens, very few people know about rulemaking, and even fewer understand how rulemaking works, therefore, there is limited participation. Since, there is a lack of awareness and participation, it is very hard for citizens to take a position on a law/bill. Also, rulemaking goes through some many processes, which makes it more complicated to follow, especially because of the bureaucracy.…
An example of how the federal bureaucracy implements a policy in the federal government is the Postal Service‘s balance of both income and expenditure. Bureaucracy normally gets its power from the clientele groups, expertise and also friends who are in high places (Person, 2013). During implementation, the president carries out the authoritative…
Throughout this essay I will be comparing the Act and Rule variations of Utilitarianism to uncover the difference between the two. Utilitarianism is teleological or consequentialist approach to ethics, which argues that something is good or bad according to its benefit for the majority of the people. Jeremy Bentham formalized this theory through his principle of Utility, “the greatest good for the greatest number”. Act Utilitarianism is often linked to Jeremy Bentham’s principle of Utility as it follows the one rule – “the greatest good for the greatest number”. So an individual action is only right if it promotes happiness. Rule utilitarianism argues that moral rules, also based on the principle of Utility, should be kept by everyone in similar circumstances.…