|1861 |Emancipation of the serfs. |
|1874–81 |Growing anti-government terrorist movement and government reaction. |
|1881 |Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries; succeeded by Alexander III. |
|1883 |First Russian Marxist group formed. |
|1894 |Start of reign of Nicholas II. |
|1898 |First Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). |
|1900 |Foundation of Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). |
|1903 |Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Beginning of split between Bolsheviks and |
| |Mensheviks. |
|1904–5 |Russo-Japanese War; Russia loses war. |
|1905 |Russian Revolution of 1905. |
|1905 |January |Bloody Sunday in Saint Petersburg. |
|1905 |June |Battleship Potemkin uprising at Odessa on the Black Sea (see movie The Battleship Potemkin). |
|1905 |October |General strike, Saint Petersburg Soviet formed; October Manifesto: Imperial agreement on elections to the |
| | |State Duma. |
|1906 |First State Duma. Prime Minister: Petr Stolypin. Agrarian reforms begin. |
|1907 |February–June |Second State Duma |
|1907 |Third State Duma, until 1912. |
|1911 |Stolypin assassinated. |
|1912 |Fourth State Duma, until 1917. Bolshevik/Menshevik split final. |
|1914 |Germany declares war on Russia. |
|1914 |30 July |The All Russian Zemstvo Union for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers is created with Lvov as president. |
|1914 |August–November |Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies, including food and munitions, but holds onto |
| | |Austrian Galicia. |
|1914 |3 August |Germany declares war on Russia, causing a brief sense of patriotic union amongst the Russian nation and a |
| | |downturn in striking. |
|1914 |18 August |St. Petersburg is renamed Petrograd as 'Germanic' names are changed to sound more Russian, and hence more |
| | |patriotic. |
|1914 |5 November |Bolshevik members of the Duma are arrested; they are later tried and exiled to Siberia. |
|1915 |Serious defeats, Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief. |
|1915 |19 February |Great Britain and France accept Russia's claims to Istanbul and other Turkish lands. |
|1915 |5 June |Strikers shot at in Kostromá; casualties. |
|1915 |9 July |The Great Retreat begins, as Russian forces pull back out of Galicia and Russian Poland into Russia proper. |
|1915 |9 August |The Duma's bourgeois parties form the 'Progressive bloc' to push for better government and reform; includes |
| | |the Kadets, Octobrist groups and Nationalists. |
|1915 |10 August |Strikers shot at in Ivánovo-Voznesénsk; casualties. |
|1915 |17–19 August |Strikers in Petrograd protest at the deaths in Ivánovo-Voznesénsk. |
|1915 |23 August |Reacting to war failures and a hostile Duma, the Tsar takes over as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, |
| | |prorogues the Duma and moves to military headquarters at Mogilev. Central government begins to seize up. |
|1916 |Food and fuel shortages and high prices. Progressive Bloc formed. |
|1916 |January–December|Despite successes in the Brusilov offensive, the Russian war effort is still characterised by shortages, poor |
| | |command, death and desertion. Away from the front, the conflict causes starvation, inflation and a torrent of |
| | |refugees. Both soldiers and civilians blame the incompetence of the Tsar and his government. |
|1916 |6 February |Duma reconvened. |
|1916 |29 February |After a month of strikes at the Putílov Factory, the government conscripts the workers and takes charge of |
| | |production. Protest strikes follow. |
|1916 |20 June |Duma prorogued. |
|1916 |October |Troops from 181st Regiment help striking Russkii Renault workers fight against the Police. |
|1916 |1 November |Miliukov gives his 'Is this stupidity or treason?' speech in reconvened Duma. |
|1916 |29 December |Rasputin is killed by Prince Yusupov. |
|1916 |30 December |The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution. |
|1917 |Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations lead to the fall of autocracy. |
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