Scientific Method: 4 And 5 Are Combined)
Chapter 1
Scientific Method: (4 & 5 are combined)
1. Observe Closely observe the physical world around you.
2. Question Recognize a question or a problem.
3. Hypothesize Make an educated guess—a hypothesis—to answer the question. Must be able to be proven rright or wrong(false or true).
4. Predict Predict consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct.
The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct.
5. Test predictions Do experiments to see if the consequences you predicted are present.
6. Draw a conclusion Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings.
But scientifically speaking, a theory is a synthesis of facts and welltested …show more content…
hypotheses.
Science is a system by which we discover and record physical phenomena and think about possible explanations for such phenomena. Religion addresses the source, purpose, and meaning of it all.
Simply put, science asks how, art asks who, and religion asks why.
The life sciences branch into such areas as molecular biology, microbiology, and ecology.
The physical sciences branch into such areas as physics, chemistry, the earth sciences, and astronomy.
Physics is the study of such concepts as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and the components of atoms. Chemistry builds on physics by telling us how matter is put together, how atoms combine to form molecules, and how the molecules combine to make the materials around us. Biology is more complex than physical science, for it involves matter that is alive.
Chapter 2
The amount of inertia an object possesses depends on the amount of matter in the object—the more matter, the more inertia.
Mass: The quantity of matter in an object. It is also the measure of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort to start it, stop it, or change its state of motion in any way.
Weight: The force upon an object due to gravity
Speed = distance covered / travel time
Average speed = total distance covered / travel time
Total distance covered = average speed / travel time
Acceleration = change of velocity / time interval
Summary of Terms
Acceleration The rate at which velocity changes with time; the change in velocity may be in magnitude, or in direction, or in both. It is usually measured in .
Air resistance The force of friction acting on an object due to its motion through air.
Density A measure of mass per volume for a substance.
Equilibrium rule The vector sum of forces acting on a nonaccelerating object equals zero: .
Force Simply stated, a push or a pull.
Free fall Motion under the influence of gravitational pull only.
Friction The resistive force that opposes the motion or attempted motion of an object through a fluid or past another object with which it is in contact.
Inertia The property of things to resist changes in motion.
Kilogram The unit of mass. One kilogram (symbol kg) is the mass of
1 liter (symbol L) of water at .
Mass The quantity of matter in an object. More specifically, it is a measure of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start it, stop it, deflect it, or change its state of motion in any way.
Net force The combination of all forces that act on an object.
Newton The scientific unit of force.
Speed The distance traveled per unit of time.
Support force The force that supports an object against gravity, often called the normal force.
Vector quantity A quantity that specifies direction as well as magnitude.
Velocity The speed of an object with specification of its direction of motion.
Weight Simply stated, the force of gravity on an object. More specifically, the gravitational force with which a body presses against a supporting surface. Chapter 3
Acceleration = net force / mass
(a = F / m)
Summary of Newton’s Three Laws
1. Objects moving near the speed of light. To understand the motion of very fast moving objects we must use Einstein’s principles of special relativity.
2. Objects that are very small—on the scale of an atom. Objects that consist of just a few atoms move according to the principles of quantum mechanics, rather than Newtonian physics.
3. Objects under the influence of very strong gravitational forces. To understand the motions of such astronomical objects, we invoke Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which appears valid for all gravitational forces.
Summary of Terms
Free fall Motion under the influence of gravitational pull only.
Force vector An arrow drawn to scale so that its length represents the magnitude of a force and its direction represents the direction of the force.
Interaction Mutual action between objects in which each one exerts an equal and opposite force on the other.
Newton’s first law of motion Every object continues in a state of rest, or in a state of motion in a straight line at a constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
Newton’s second law of motion The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton’s third law of motion Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite
force on the first object.
Resultant The net result of a combination of two or more vectors.
Scalar quantity A quantity, such as mass, volume, speed, and time, that can be completely specified by its magnitude.
Terminal speed The speed at which the acceleration of a falling object terminates when air resistance balances weight.
Vector An arrow whose length represents the magnitude of a quantity, and whose direction represents the direction of the quantity.
Vector components Parts into which a vector can be separated and that act in different directions from the vector.
Scientific Method: (4 & 5 are combined)
1. Observe Closely observe the physical world around you.
2. Question Recognize a question or a problem.
3. Hypothesize Make an educated guess—a hypothesis—to answer the question. Must be able to be proven rright or wrong(false or true).
4. Predict Predict consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct.
The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct.
5. Test predictions Do experiments to see if the consequences you predicted are present.
6. Draw a conclusion Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings.
But scientifically speaking, a theory is a synthesis of facts and welltested …show more content…
hypotheses.
Science is a system by which we discover and record physical phenomena and think about possible explanations for such phenomena. Religion addresses the source, purpose, and meaning of it all.
Simply put, science asks how, art asks who, and religion asks why.
The life sciences branch into such areas as molecular biology, microbiology, and ecology.
The physical sciences branch into such areas as physics, chemistry, the earth sciences, and astronomy.
Physics is the study of such concepts as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and the components of atoms. Chemistry builds on physics by telling us how matter is put together, how atoms combine to form molecules, and how the molecules combine to make the materials around us. Biology is more complex than physical science, for it involves matter that is alive.
Chapter 2
The amount of inertia an object possesses depends on the amount of matter in the object—the more matter, the more inertia.
Mass: The quantity of matter in an object. It is also the measure of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort to start it, stop it, or change its state of motion in any way.
Weight: The force upon an object due to gravity
Speed = distance covered / travel time
Average speed = total distance covered / travel time
Total distance covered = average speed / travel time
Acceleration = change of velocity / time interval
Summary of Terms
Acceleration The rate at which velocity changes with time; the change in velocity may be in magnitude, or in direction, or in both. It is usually measured in .
Air resistance The force of friction acting on an object due to its motion through air.
Density A measure of mass per volume for a substance.
Equilibrium rule The vector sum of forces acting on a nonaccelerating object equals zero: .
Force Simply stated, a push or a pull.
Free fall Motion under the influence of gravitational pull only.
Friction The resistive force that opposes the motion or attempted motion of an object through a fluid or past another object with which it is in contact.
Inertia The property of things to resist changes in motion.
Kilogram The unit of mass. One kilogram (symbol kg) is the mass of
1 liter (symbol L) of water at .
Mass The quantity of matter in an object. More specifically, it is a measure of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start it, stop it, deflect it, or change its state of motion in any way.
Net force The combination of all forces that act on an object.
Newton The scientific unit of force.
Speed The distance traveled per unit of time.
Support force The force that supports an object against gravity, often called the normal force.
Vector quantity A quantity that specifies direction as well as magnitude.
Velocity The speed of an object with specification of its direction of motion.
Weight Simply stated, the force of gravity on an object. More specifically, the gravitational force with which a body presses against a supporting surface. Chapter 3
Acceleration = net force / mass
(a = F / m)
Summary of Newton’s Three Laws
1. Objects moving near the speed of light. To understand the motion of very fast moving objects we must use Einstein’s principles of special relativity.
2. Objects that are very small—on the scale of an atom. Objects that consist of just a few atoms move according to the principles of quantum mechanics, rather than Newtonian physics.
3. Objects under the influence of very strong gravitational forces. To understand the motions of such astronomical objects, we invoke Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which appears valid for all gravitational forces.
Summary of Terms
Free fall Motion under the influence of gravitational pull only.
Force vector An arrow drawn to scale so that its length represents the magnitude of a force and its direction represents the direction of the force.
Interaction Mutual action between objects in which each one exerts an equal and opposite force on the other.
Newton’s first law of motion Every object continues in a state of rest, or in a state of motion in a straight line at a constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
Newton’s second law of motion The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton’s third law of motion Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite
force on the first object.
Resultant The net result of a combination of two or more vectors.
Scalar quantity A quantity, such as mass, volume, speed, and time, that can be completely specified by its magnitude.
Terminal speed The speed at which the acceleration of a falling object terminates when air resistance balances weight.
Vector An arrow whose length represents the magnitude of a quantity, and whose direction represents the direction of the quantity.
Vector components Parts into which a vector can be separated and that act in different directions from the vector.