The Environmental Protection Agency has not concluded that greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide emissions, constitute a public danger.…
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* 93% of CO2 emissions are natural due to the Carbon Cycle. The rest is from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and clearing out forests. The EPA does not regulate CO2 emissions under the Clean Air Act, and many environmentalists disagree with this. However, the coal and electric businesses oppose the regulation of CO2 emissions because such a regulation would cost them money to cap emissions.…
An environmental law that is relevant to my current and future employer, which is myself since I am self-employed, is the Clean Air Act (CAA). As a fitness professional I conduct personal training, small group training and outdoor fitness boot camp classes during nearly ¾ of any given year. Obviously I cannot predict air pollution in the same way EPA experts can but I do have firsthand experience of conducting these various fitness activities outdoors in cities where air pollution was considerably higher than other metropolitan areas in the country, and how participants fared. By relating my fitness business to environmental air pollution may seem like a stretch but please consider that I taught outdoor classes in New York City just weeks following the September 11th attacks. The air was rancid, smelled like a demolition site (which I am very familiar with having grown-up with a father who ran a demolition company), and the mixture of fumes and unrecognizable stench, made commuting in the area difficult, let alone participation in high-level cardiovascular exercises. “The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for wide-spread pollutants from numerous and diverse sources considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of at-risk populations such as people with pre-existing heart or lung disease (such as asthmatics), children, and older adults. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against visibility impairment, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings. The Clean Air Act requires periodic review of the science upon which the standards are based and the standards themselves” (EPA, 2013). Obviously air standards were not top priority during the initial weeks…
Air pollution occurs when waste products mix in the air. The amount of air pollution significantly increased during and after World War II because the amount of factory use and production increased to meet military needs (Calhoun 90). There was no concern for the air and emissions' effect on health. However, after smog settled over Donora in 1948 and New York City in 1953, 1962, and 1966, many people died or became sick as the pollution lined the bronchi, damaged the respiratory system, and blurred vision (Goldman 81). The Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, has identified sources of pollution such as automobiles and buildings as well as seven major air pollutants, with the most common being carbon monoxide. Smog, the combination between smoke and fog, is emitted from fire, paints, and emissions from vehicles. Another common pollutant that corrodes structures is acid rain. Acid rain is any rainfall with a potential of hydrogen, or pH, of less than five. Acid rain develops when clean, normal rain, with a pH of about 5.6, reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere forming acid rain. Most acid rain ranges between 4.3 and 5.0 (Trapp 5). Sulfur oxides, emitted from man-made sources such as factories, can destroy aquatic life as well as the human respiratory system. Fuel combustion is a human-caused pollutant emitted from vehicles and is composed of carbon and…
In 1963, the 88th Congress of the United States introduced the Clear Air Act. In this original form was the first law to implement the idea of pollution control. The statue established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. These techniques were only presented to Congress for further assessment and were not implemented. Thus, Congress enacted the Clear Air Act of 1970 to help enforce imposed regulations. This legislation authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both industrial and mobile sources. Moreover, a year later President Nixon gave an executive order establishing the EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency. The agency would provide means to help implement the four major requirements affecting these sources found within the legislation. Seven years later Congress amended the legislation pertaining to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration of air quality in areas attaining the N.A.A.Q.S. Furthermore, the 1977 Amendments…
Durning suggests stricter laws and taxes will help get us closer to accomplishing our goal. “Scientific advances, better laws, restructured industries, new treaties, environmental taxes, grassroots campaigns – all can help us get there” (201). With some assistance from the U.S. government, consumption can definitely be controlled. In a federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. E.J. fought to force the EPA to obey once and for all, the conditions of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act states, “Passed in 1970. Indentifies various classes of pollutants harmful to people and to the environment and sets rigid schedules by which the EPA must issue regulations to bring various kinds of activities into compliance with its standards” (www.earthjustice.org/about_us/how_we_work/). So, earthjustice went to court to fight against the EPA and won. “A federal appeals court ruled…that a rulemaking by the EPA violates the Clean Air Act by evading mandatory cuts in toxic mercury pollution from coal-and oil-fired power plants” (“Court Says EPA Rule Allowing More Power Plant Mercury is Illegal” paragraph 1). This victory has forced the EPA to abide by the law, and hopefully the ruling will show that you may duck and dodge the law, but it will eventually catch up to…
There are six common air pollutants that are monitored by the EPA. These are as follow: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead. All of these are monitored by state EPA and have to be reported on the federal level. If there is an issue with a particular area, the local government has to provide a plan to get the area back to acceptable…
Bandura and Walters (1963) proposed the social learning theory initially to explain aggression in children, yet they argued it can be readily applied to any behaviour. SLT suggests we acquire new behaviours via observing others, then modelling the observed behaviour. We are more likely to model behaviours if the behaviour is rewarded, via indirect, vicarious reinforcement. We can also learn new behaviours via being reinforced or punished directly. Therefore, learning is a combination of indirect and direct reinforcement, both key aspects of the behaviourist approach.…
In 2001, the EPA published a proposed emissions standards (Emissions standards for new nonroad engines, September 2001) change for “nonroad” vehicles. It was targeted at reducing the harmful emissions created from “nonroad” vehicles such as snowmobile, ATV’s, and dirt bikes. In 2002, the EPA imposed new regulations (Emissions standards for new nonroad engines, September 2002) that incorporated the proposed changes to emissions regulations. The first phase of the implementation was targeted at the snowmobiles…
The primary purpose of the report is for you to work with three other people and undertake a study of an organization – the steps for establishing team performance plans, the development and facilitation of team cohesion, the facilitation of teamwork and, liaising with stakeholders. Reviewing the effectiveness of teams within an organization is imperative so that opportunities for improvements may be identified and investigated. The study necessitates an evaluation of an organization’s policies, procedures, processes and resources – whether they are sufficient, or whether additional arrangements need to be looked into. The study may reveal a need for: more documentation, infrastructural changes and/or employee requirements.…
Search... Search Christian Libby 2nd hour Auto Tech 1 Tech Report on Diesel Exhaust Fluid Diesel trucks could be run with a lean air-to-fuel ratio, to ensure the full combustion of soot and to prevent the exhaust of unburnt fuel. The excess of oxygen necessarily leads to nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are harmful gases, from the nitrogen in the air. Selective catalytic reduction (diesel exhaust fluid) is used to reduce the amount of NOx released into the atmosphere.…
In 1970 was the federal first attempt to control hazardous air pollutants (HAP).” The current definition of HAP is a pollutant "known to cause or [that] may reasonably be anticipated to cause adverse effects to human health or adverse environmental effects”. It came in section 112 amendments to clean air. The EPA was required by Section 112 to have a list of hazardous air pollutants that may have would cause to mortalities, fatalities, illnesses or anything that could not be reversed. Once the pollutant list was made, The EPA required that the companies establish and develop health based emissions that provide some sort of safety precaution to protect the public’s health. Substances listed as criteria pollutants and regulated under sections…
Over the past years, carbon dioxide has been at the center of debates in regards of the negative effects it has on the environment. CO2 is considered as a pollutant, it has the ability to turn fresh air into toxic air. Industries and automobiles are two of the major entities known to cause CO2 pollution. Automobiles emit CO2 by burning fossil foil for energy. The most frequent utilized fossil fuel worldwide are coal and oil. “Over 90 percent of the fuel used for transportation is petroleum based, which includes gasoline and diesel” (EPA). In addition to being a pollutant, CO2 is considered as a greenhouse gas. This means that it has high tendency to cause on climate change.…
However, all that glitters isn’t gold. While in practicality gasoline engines do everything that we need them to do such as transport us around, they lack in one area. That area is their emission output. The gas that is the most prolific and the one that makes up more than 65 percent of global emissions is Carbon Dioxide. According to the United State Environmental Protection Agency, “Fossil fuel use is the primary source of CO2” (United State EPA). But why does this matter? Why is gasoline consumption a detrimental practice? Basically, CO2 and other greenhouse gases get trapped within the Earth's atmosphere. These gasses reflect the sun's rays many more times than usual which causes increased temperatures on Earth, hence the term global warming. These increased temperatures have many detrimental effect that are both short and long term. Current effects include: worldwide ice melt,…