Question 1: (Describe the symptoms of smallpox. How would you recognize if a person is suffering from smallpox? Write three or more paragraphs for your answer.)…
Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress.…
The smallpox eradication through vaccination was possible at most due to one feature: there is no animal reservoir of smallpox, variola (VARV) spreads person to-person (11). Additionally, already early in the history those who bore pox scars were noted to be resistant to disease recurrence. And the persons who acquired smallpox through a scratch were witnessed to have attenuated course of disease. Buddhist nun sometime between 1022 and 1063 AD started an inoculation with smallpox pus or scabs either by a nasal or cutaneous route, a procedure known as variolation. This practice eventually spread to China, India and Turkey, and by the late 1700s, was practiced by European physicians (10). In 1798 the English physician Edward Jenner established a much safer practice, demonstrating that another poxvirus, CPXV, could be used to prevent smallpox infections in humans (10). After absorbing, that milkmaids who developed cowpox lesions are resistant to smallpox. Jenner took a fluid from a cowpox pustule on a dairymaid’s hand and used it for inoculation of an 8-year-old…
The “vaccine clerk to the world”, is how Jenner referred to himself, since he travelled the world transferring pock material (Smallpox - The Speckled Monster). The British government compensated him for his service to the world (Smallpox - The Speckled Monster). In order to, honour Blossom (the cow) and Sarah Neimus, the name vaccine was based after the Latin word for cow, vacca (Edward Jenner - Biography, Facts and Pictures). One-hundred years post smallpox vaccine, Louis Pasteur created the rabies and anthrax vaccines (Smallpox - The Speckled Monster). According to Jenifer Ehreth, 5,977,855 lives are prevented annually from vaccination.…
Immunization was discovered in 1796 when an English physician, Edward Jenner, saw that milkmaids didn’t get infected from the cowpox virus. This discovery led Dr. Jenner to an experiment infecting a boy by the name…
He discovered by inserting pus from a milkmaid with cowpox that a person could be protected from smallpox without ever having to directly exposed to it. The vaccine was spread slowly around the world but, gradually one country after another rid itself of the disease that had caused so much death and destruction. Jenner had successfully produced the world's first successful vaccine that helped end a long and gruesome era of smallpox. The last reported case in the U.S. was in 1949, and the last known case around the world was in 1977. Then in 1980 the World Health Organization passed a resolution which determined that smallpox had been eradicated throughout the whole world (History…
Although he had to find his way around the skepticism of others and the initial rejection of his method, he did not give up, and soon enough vaccination became popular through the action of others. In London, Dr. Pearson and Woodville began to support vaccination and recommended it for their patients. From then on, many recipients passed on the vaccine to others, and it was then that Jenner started to gain support from the patients and doctors. The vaccine was sent all around the world and “up to this time, smallpox cases in Europe had been gradually declining in number and severity because of the introduction of vaccines.” Jenner did not look for recognition or fame through his discovery; he devoted so much time to the vaccination that his personal matters began to suffer. It was now that people started to see the importance of vaccination. The British Parliament granted Jenner 30,000 British pounds, and they outlawed any other way to prevent smallpox. Regardless of all the ridicule and obstacles, Jenner continued to work with the vaccination program in an attempt to eradicate the disease once and for all and gradually vaccination replaced variolation. To this day, smallpox is the only infectious disease to have been completely wiped out as a result of human…
The Smallpox virus was an infectious disease that was spread through the air in close proximity. Due to its contagious nature, many people were infected and many died due to this disease. Initially, treatment for this disease included inoculation. As stated in lecture, this was a process where active smallpox virus was inserted into a cut on the arm. This evidently only spread the disease. Edward Henner later created the vaccine derived from cowpox. However, there was still issues regarding this vaccines. Issues including, people trying to create vaccines in private facilities where a portion of the vaccine contained smallpox mixed with the cowpox. Contamination was also another issue. This was later solved by adding…
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease is a hemorrhagic fever caused by the Flavivirus. Acute means it comes onset rapidly meaning it affects the whole body. Experts believe the disease originated in Africa and it was introduced in South America in the slave trade within the 16th century. Several major disease epidemic cases have taken place in Europe, the Americas and Europe since the 17th century. It was deemed as the most common dangerous disease in the 19th century.…
Between April and December of 1721, over six thousand colonists in Boston contracted a world-wide feared viral infection known as smallpox. After the occurrence of over nine hundred deaths in Boston alone, the infestation of this disease in the colony became known as the Smallpox Epidemic. During the epidemic, it became widely acknowledged that survivors of smallpox were immune to later occurrences of the disease. This led to the consideration of the medical practice of inoculation—the deliberate introduction of the living smallpox virus to cause a mild case of the disease that would provide immunity. In contrast to the claims of its creators, inoculation was not always successful and did result in a small number of deaths in patients, but…
Although vaccinations have been around for 200 plus years, today in 2013 it is still a most controversial issue. Vaccine by definition is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine). The National Institute of Health says “in other words, vaccines trick your immune system to teach your body important lessons about how to defeat its opponents.” As effective as some may say vaccines are there has been a significant decrease in people actively getting vaccinations yearly.…
According to CDC and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there are 2 different types of flu vaccines, trivalent and quadrivalent and they recommend people get the flu vaccination every season. The flu vaccination usually takes about two weeks to develop and provide protection against influenza virus infection, therefore, people should always get it early in the fall. Although CDC encourages people to get the flu vaccination, but they also mentioned that its effectiveness can be varied. Based on their recent studies, the flu vaccination has successfully reduced the flu illness risk for about 50% to 60% in the overall…
Once the child recovered from the cowpox disease, Jenner then tried to infect the child with smallpox, but the young man proved to be immune. “It seemed that this attempt at vaccination had worked. But Jenner had to work on for two more years before his discovery was considered sufficiently tested by the medical profession to permit widespread introduction” (Alexander, 2003). Beginning in 1831 and culminating in 1835, due to increasing vaccination, smallpox deaths were down to one in a thousand. In 1853, it was deemed obligatory for all children born after the first of August to receive routine immunizations. By 1898, one hundred years after Edward Jenner’s unveiling of the vaccine, smallpox in London had fallen dramatically – to one in every 100,000 (less than 50 people per…
First of all, the inventions of vaccines can prevent some diseases in the childhood. In 1960, the health authorities recommend the kids to get five vaccines—smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio. The first time a child is exposed to a disease, the immune system can’t create antibodies quickly enough to keep…
Well, in the past, smallpox killed hundreds of millions of people. Today, thanks to the smallpox vaccine, the disease has been essentially wiped out. Scientists and health care workers are always trying to stay one step ahead of communicable diseases and develop new vaccines. Vaccines fall into four categories. Read about each one to learn more.…