Smoking Cessation Policy

CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

“The only way to be a truly happy non-smoker is to have absolutely no desire to smoke” (Carr, 2006).
Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Smoking is a leading preventable cause of death all over the world. If you are a regular smoker, you are probably losing about 5½ minutes of life expectancy for each cigarette you smoke. And most of the adults are lying in the hospital bed because of lung cancer they gained from cigarette smoking. These are the consequences that faced mostly of the adults and the students are not safe under the influence of smoking. Yet, despite the vast medical evidence supporting such statistics, most heavy smokers continue to smoke. These results were interpreted as important evidence that smoking could cause cancer in humans, and they were widely reported in newspapers, and magazines such as The New York Times and Reader’s Digest. Smoking is dangerous. Most of the adults are aware about their bad habits on smoking.For a smoker, it is long and hard journey from starting to smoke to enjoying smoking in one’s carefree youth to wanting to stop. For much of that journey, the smoker is not motivated to quit and does not make any quit attempts at all. Somewhere along the way the smoker may change, either suddenly or gradually over time. Smokers can move from being unmotivated and not making any quit attempts to wanting to quit and then to making serious quit attempts (Ben-Shlomo, 1991). Having effective cessation programs and services is necessary but not sufficient to reduce population prevalence. Strong political will is also critical; it is important to put into national policy what is known about effective ways to promote smoking cessation and to support the financial and other resources required to establish a unified delivery system of cessation care management for all smokers.

Conceptual Framework The researchers will pursue an analysis pertaining to the respondent’s compliance with the survey that will be provided to them. The evaluation to these respondents will be based upon the questions given to them. The researchers will test the possibility that the smoking cessation program will eliminate and control the usage of smoking materials by the Filipinos. The behavior of the people (smokers and non-smokers as well as the Government) will be studying by the researchers, to evaluate how they will adopt the said program. Through the data that will be gather upon the respondents and the information from the related literature, the researchers will be able to analyze the possible effects of the smoking cessation program to the people and their community. Statement of the Problem The initial aim of this paper is to point out that the methodology of existing evaluation studies on smoking cessation holds much of the blame for the failure to address the important practical tasks to be pursued in getting people to stop smoking Specifically, it sought to answer the following: 1. What is smoking cessation policy? 2. What are the benefits of smoking cessation policy? 3. How will the smoking cessation policy be implemented?

Significance of the Study The findings of the study will provide information and new knowledge to the following:

To the Researchers, it will be the evidence that will lead them on proper way of living healthy lifestyle. This will assure their safety by protecting themselves to the diseases caused by smoking that might put them into danger.
To the smokers, this will let them to be aware of the possible effects of continuous smoking habit and will serve as their guide on how to control their vices. To the non-smokers, this will add their knowledge about the effects of smoking materials to their health. It will also let them avoid this kind of activity. To the Government, for them to provide adequate solutions to the problems brought about by smoking practices, protect their people from harmful diseases. To the Community, this will widen their concerns in environmental issues that arising not only in the country, but also globally. To the Future Researchers , the study will give insights to all educational practitioners. Researchers can make use of the results of this study in their field of work.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This research focuses on the possible effects of the smoking cessation program in Philippines. This is exclusive to those smokers who are not aware of the diseases that they might get in this habit. This research activity dealt on the situations of the respondents (activities, habits and practices), it does not cover their personal beliefs to protect their personal interest. Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clear and better understanding of the terms used in this study, the following terms are operationally defined:
Smoking- is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars.
Smoking Cessation- is the process of discontinuing the practice of inhaling a smoked substance.
Policy- a plan or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters.
Nicotine-it is a colorless, poisonous alkaloid, C10H14N2, derived from the tobacco plant and used as an insecticide.
Lung Cancer - is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways.
Tobacco - Any of various plants of the genus Nicotiana, especially N. tabacum, native to tropical America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are used primarily for smoking.

CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE OF THE STUDY

This chapter covers more on the study, which is basically related to the research study of the attitude of the Filipinos in the policy implementation and their smoking habit. This chapter contains the related reading, ideas, concept and research studies of different authors and sources in relation to the effect of smoking cessation policy in the Philippines.

Conceptual Literature
“Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease and premature death in the United States and other countries. On average, 435,000 people in the United States die prematurely from smoking-related diseases each year; overall, smoking causes 1 in 5 deaths. The chance that a lifelong smoker will die prematurely from a complication of smoking is approximately 50%” (Benowitz, 2010).
Tobacco use is a major cause of death from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoking is also a risk factor for respiratory tract and other infections, osteoporosis, reproductive disorders, adverse postoperative events and delayed wound healing, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and diabetes. In addition, smoking has a strong association with fire-related and trauma-related injuries. Smoking-caused disease is a consequence of exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke. Although nicotine plays a minor role, if any, in causing smoking-induced diseases, addiction to nicotine is the proximate cause of these diseases.
“Among the possible investments in preventive or palliative health care services available and reimbursed (e.g., treatment for diabetes, hypertension, cancer), smoking cessation remains one of the most cost-effective interventions per quality-adjusted life year saved” (Bartosch, Baker, & Hasselblad, 1997).
Promotion of smoking cessation and the treatment of tobacco dependence can achieve immediate benefits. While much of the worldwide effort is directed at reducing the initiation of tobacco use in children and adolescents, concurrent efforts to treat current smokers as well as reduce initiation would have a much more immediate, as well as long-term effect. According to the World Bank, efforts to deter children from smoking would have no impact on global smoking-related mortality for about three decades, since most of the projected deaths for the next 50 years are those of existing smokers. (Campbell, 1999)

Local Literature The Philippines (population 80 million) is the 15th biggest consumer of cigarettes in the world and the largest consumer among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Some 54% of adult men and 11% of adult women smoke with overall adult smoking prevalence being the fourth highest among ASEAN countries. Tobacco use among Filipino youth (18 years or less) is high, with approximately 37% of young men and 18% of young women smoking on at least a monthly basis. There has been a 33% increase in the prevalence of having ever smoked since 1995. Alarmingly, almost one fifth of young Filipinos begin smoking before age 10. A 1999 government white paper on smoking calculated that two Filipinos die every hour from tobacco use. According to study we are 9th in the world in terms of numbers of Filipino smokers. 10 Filipinos dies everyday in tobacco related disease and 48% attempted to quit in the last 12 months but only 4.5% are successful from Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2009.
A Cigarette has 4000 chemicals and 70 of them are carcinogenic that cause cancer. There are 28.3% or 17.3 million Filipinos who are smoking age 15 and above, 2.8 million are women. In simple words, there is 1 smoker in every 4 Filipinos. 80% are daily smokers smoking an average of 11.3 (men) and 7 (women) sticks a day.
“The Department of Health (DOH) is beefing up its smoking cessation program” (Crisostomo, 2011). Through this, Philippines will be able to reduce the diseases brought by the practices of smoking among its users.
“The environment is not supportive for them to quit. Unlike now there are many policies and ordinances that say you cannot smoke here and there”
-- Precy Cuevas

“Nicotine affects the blood pressure and oxygen level in the body, causing the release of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a chemical that gives pleasurable feelings and since it is triggered by nicotine, it relies on this toxic substance to achieve the desired sensation”
--Department of Health
One way to increase the overall impact of cessation at the population level is to increase the reach of current interventions using the behavioral principles to enhance smokers’ motivation and interest in cessation. About 43 percent of smokers make a quit attempt per year. (Hughues, Shiffman, & J, 2003)
Motivation is best when it is intrinsic (comes from the smoker him/herself) and is tied to a realistic evaluation of the benefits of stopping versus the benefits of continuing to smoke. (Cury, Mcbride, & Grothaus, 1997)

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the method of research use, the subject and respondent of the study, the sampling procedures, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the data processing technique use. Since the main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation in the health condition of Filipinos and its benefits to the smokers as well as for the non-smokers.

Research Design
The researchers will be using the descriptive research design to determine the effects of smoking cessation policy to the Philippines. Descriptive research is the most widely research design, indicated by the numerous thesis dissertations and non-academic researches, the primary aim of which is to describe existing belief, opinion or condition of social group; compare sub groups in terms of selected variables; determine the relationship among variables covered. Research Instrument
In This study researchers will make use of a survey questionnaire compose parts to gather the needed data. It will be supplemented primarily by the chosen respondents as the researcher uses sampling scheme on the population of the Philippines who smoke and who did not smoke.

Bibliography

Bartosch, C. J., Baker, T., & Hasselblad, F. M. (1997). Guideline of Smoking Cessation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 21.
Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. new york: N Engl J Med.
Ben-Shlomo, Y. (1991). Smoking and Health.
Campbell, F. (1999). Curbing and Epidemic. Washington D.C: The World Bank.
Carr, A. (2006). Allen Carr’s Easyway. Addictive Behaviors.
Crisostomo, S. (2011). Department of Health revs up smoking cessation program. Manila: philippine star.
Cury, S. J., Mcbride, C., & Grothaus, L. (1997). Reasons of Quitting: intrinsic and extrinsic Motivation for Smoking Cessation in a population-based sample of smokers . 727-739.
Hughues, J. R., Shiffman, S., & J, Z. (2003). a Meta-analysis of the efficiency over-the-counter nicotine Replacement. Tobacco Control, 21-27.

Bibliography: Bartosch, C. J., Baker, T., & Hasselblad, F. M. (1997). Guideline of Smoking Cessation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 21. Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. new york: N Engl J Med. Ben-Shlomo, Y. (1991). Smoking and Health. Campbell, F. (1999). Curbing and Epidemic. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Carr, A. (2006). Allen Carr’s Easyway. Addictive Behaviors. Crisostomo, S. (2011). Department of Health revs up smoking cessation program. Manila: philippine star. Cury, S. J., Mcbride, C., & Grothaus, L. (1997). Reasons of Quitting: intrinsic and extrinsic Motivation for Smoking Cessation in a population-based sample of smokers . 727-739. Hughues, J. R., Shiffman, S., & J, Z. (2003). a Meta-analysis of the efficiency over-the-counter nicotine Replacement. Tobacco Control, 21-27.