A- positive outcome.
B- An adult made a critical comment to the
This table summarises the results from Banduras experiment on whether children be aggressive to a Bobo Doll when they have witnessed a model being aggressive. The children were exposed to either a real life model, a human model on film or a non gendered cartoon model. As well as these experimental conditions there was also a control group of children who did not witness any model.…
Another way this model suggests that we learn is by operant conditioning, or learning by consequence. If somebody dog a certain behaviour and this is follows by positive reinforcement then they will be more likely to repeat the behaviour. If it is followed by negative reinforcement then they will be less likely to repeat it.…
The key principals of the learning theory is when a child sees certain displays or acts of behaviour, that they are more likely to copy it. He argued that we learn through a process of imitating role models, but that we also imitate the actions that are seen that could be a possible interest. (Bandura, 1961) conducted a study to investigate if social behaviours such as aggression can be acquired by imitation. Bandura tested 36 boys and girls from the Stanford University Nursery School with children between 3 to 6 years old. The role models were one male adult and one female adult. Bandura then arranged for 24 of the boys and girls to watch a male or female model behaving aggressively towards a toy known as the bobo doll. The adults began to attack the doll in a distinctive manner, throwing the doll in the air and shouting. The researchers pre- tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on four five point rating scales. It was then possible for the children in the groups to be matched so that they had similar levels of aggression within their everyday behaviour. The children were then tested individually through three stages, which consists of modelling, which is studied as observational learning, as one needs to be paying attention, being able to store information effectively, and reproduction, which involves performing he behaviour that has been observed. Further practise of this skill will then lead to improvement and skill advancement. In stage two (Aggression Arousal) the child is then subjected to 'mild aggression arousal', which is when the child is taken to a room with relatively attractive toys. As soon as the child starts to play with the toys the experimenter tells the child that these were the experimenter's very best toys and she had decided to reserve them for…
According to Crittenden, behavior is learnt through seeing what someone else does. This can be explained further through the experiment of classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov used the experiment of dogs and food so as to measure the levels of salivation that a dog produced when food had been associated with the assistant. He developed this experiment when he noticed that the dog was starting to salivate at the sight of the bowl of the food and not the taste. He decided to experiment further and he introduced a bell which was the neutral stimulus, it had no effect at the start but when he rang the bell when he brought the food to the dogs they started to associate the food (which made them salivate) with the bell. Now that classical conditioning had taken place the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell which was now the conditioned stimulus.…
The behaviourist approach as explained in P1, suggests that learning is what changes an individual’s behaviour. Therefore, any changes in behaviour of an individual are the result of events that have taken place within the environment.…
Bandura’s Bobo Doll study- children observed an adult acting either aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Bandura found that children were more likely to display aggressive behaviour when they observed an aggressive role model.…
❖ Social theory suggests that children learn form their social surroundings and will alter their behaviour according to the interaction and experiences they are faced with. Imagine a class of reception pupils that have just started school – the class is lively and the teacher and assistants give sweets to pupils in an attempt to keep them happy. The class does not get any calmer and yet the teacher and assistants carry on with the same tactics. The children will ultimately think they are doing something right, as they keep getting rewarded. The class progresses from organised chaos into mayhem over the consecutive weeks.…
Social learning theory was proposed by Alburt Bandura. He used the word modeling to explain how humans can quickly learn acts of aggression and incorporate these into their behavior. According to this theory aggressive behavior can be learned by observing and imitating the aggressive behavior of other people. SLT also uses the concept of vicarious learning, this means indirect learning. Bandura suggests that we can learn aggression without being directly reinforced for aggressive behavior. This works when we observe someone else being rewarded for acts of aggression. For example we may see a child gaining control of a toy (being rewarded) by using aggression, and then imitate this behavior in the hope we are also rewarded.…
The social learning approach theorizes that gender is learned through behavior reinforcement. Behavior followed by positive consequences is…
As children develop, they will be going through changes in their capacities and behavior, because of biological growth processes and their interaction with their environment, which includes their social environment. According to the social learning theory, much of what we learn and do, especially as children, is acquired through a process of observation learning. This means we learn by observing events and other people, without any direct reward or reinforcement. This learning depends on four components: attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. This means, we must pay attention to what is going on around us, retain what we learn, be motivated to perform what we learn which leads to the reproduction of the same behavior that we observed in others.…
The behaviourist approach as explained in P1, suggests that learning is what changes an individual’s behaviour. Therefore, any changes in behaviour of an individual are the result of events that have taken place within the environment.…
At a very early age, we were taught to be boys or girls by various gender socialization agents. Because of the emphasis of these socialization agents, we can hardly change the images of boys and girls, or men and women. When a baby is born, parents would dress the baby in blue if it is a boy or in pink if it is a girl. At school, teachers may ask boys to do heavy works and girls to do something easy. However, the most powerful gender socialization agent is the mass media. The images of boys and girls, or men and women, presented by the mass media are distinct, and they have had a great effect on the development of our gender roles.…
The Bobo Doll experiment was used to answer the question on whether behavior exhibited by individuals is learned through watching another individual act in a particular way. The experimenters used children as their subjects, between the stages of late toddler and early elementary school. (This was most likely done since at this age children are very suitable to their surroundings). In total there was seventy children used. Twenty-four of them would observe aggressive behavior (equal number of boys to girls), twenty-four non-aggressive(equal number of boys to girls), and twenty-four no particular behavior (no particular gender ratio). The all groups of children were to observe the behavior via television. After watching…
Social theory works on the main of principles of operant conditioning, but it also acknowledges imitation and identification as means to sexual behaviour and sexuality.. These two processes are useful in explaining the development of gender identity or one’s sense of maleness or femaleness .A good example of social learning theory is the gender identification of a little girl from associating with her mother, how she dresses, what she does among other associations (Klein, 1969).…
Social learning theory as proposed by Albert Bandura argued that people learn through observation, imitation and modelling. He proposed that the internal mental processes play important role in learning. He opposed behaviourism that learning must incur change in behaviour whereby he argued that learning does not necessary lead to behavioural change. These three main ideas of Bandura have great impact on the education field nowadays. In order for imitation, observation and modelling to happen, there must be two or more people involved. For example, children imitate family members, their peers and the teacher. This participation leads to interaction in which each individual responses to cues or stimuli according to a particular context. It is a dynamic process as participants need to constantly adopt and adapt own knowledge to response in the particular learning context. Mental…