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Chapter 8­-1: Energy and Life
Some organisms get energy from the sun, these are plants. Some organisms get energy from consuming another organism.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is a bit different from ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) because it has three groups of phosphates. It stores energy in a cell, when there is available energy, by adding a phosphates group to ADP molecules and making ATP.
When a chemical bond is broken between the second or third phosphate the energy is release.
ATP produces energy that helps the cell membrane that pump a membrane protein that pumps sodium ions out of a cell and potassium into the cell.
Chapter 8-2: Photosynthesis: An Overview
Van Helmont’s experiment on his thought that plants grew from the material in soil.
Priestley’s experiment found out that oxygen was keeping the flame of the candle in a jar going. He also tried something with a leaf where he would put it under the jar and the flame would be kept for a while. This is because of the oxygen released by the plant.
Jan Ingenhousz figured that the effect from Priestley’s experiment was because the plant was exposed to radiant energy.
Helmont’s, Preistley’s, and Ingenhousz experiments help scientist find out the work of plants using water and carbon dioxide to make sugar. Plus, their release of oxygen.
Chapter 8-3: The Reactions of Photosynthesis
Chloroplast contains thylakoids that contains protein that organizes chlorophyll and other pigments.
High electrons are carried from one molecule to another by electron carriers. Also there is a another carrier called NADP+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate), it turns into NADPH when it holds two high energy electrons with a hydrogen ion (H+) Light-dependent reactions make oxygen when they convert APD & NADP into the carriers ATP and NADPH.
The Calvin cycle takes the ATP & NADPH from light-dependent reaction to make high-energy sugars.

Chapter 8 Vocabulary
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATD) – one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy.
Pigment – plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules.
Chlorophyll – the plants’ principal pigment
Thylakoids – chloroplast that contains saclike photosynthetic membranes.
Photosystem – proteins in the thylakoids membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters.
Stoma – the region outside the thylakoids membranes.
ATP synthase – a protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.
Calvin cycle – plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.