• The declaration is made verbally or in writing.
• The declaration is a threat to the reputation of the plaintiff.
3. Why was the company not shielded by “qualified privilege” in this case? A firm can lose the protection under the "qualified privilege" if the plaintiff can prove one of the following points: that there was malicious intent with the motive to harm his/her reputation, that the statement was given with reckless disregard for the truth, or the publication of the statement was overly broad. (P.152) In this case Mr. Stanbury was able to prove that Littman and Signal have abused their qualified privilege under Virginia law for the following reasons:
• Littman and Stanbury's testimonies, confirming the fact that Littman never supervised, worked, evaluated, nor read any evaluation of Mr. Stanbury.
• Littman's testimony, which indicates that he did not receive information from anyone who has worked or had a work-related relationship with Mr. Stanbury. His information were observations and rumors in the company’s hall with thirds parties.
• Littman's admission where he admits that he has no evidence to substantiate any of his statements to Jane and that he never verified the information before the