Summary: Global Perspective On Health Policy
Global Perspective on Health Policy
Angie Coats
HCS/550
May 17, 2015
Anne Koepsell
Global Perspective on Health Policy
The macro perspective on health policy issue will be about stem cell. Stem cell problems will be identified and how these policy issues resulted in the creation of health care policy. Both the state and federal policy steps regarding stem cell development process will be discussed. The difference between the stem cell policy development and implementation, along with how the stakeholders became involved in the process and why his or hers voice was heard regarding the change in stem cell policy will be talked about.
The topic of discussion is on stem cell, before the discussion can begin about problems issues and how …show more content…
the issues were created in health care; let’s begin what are stem cells? Stem cells are a blank canvas of many different cell types that are in the body during early stages of life. Stem cells divide themselves when needed, without a limit to replenish and in tissues can be an internal repair system as long as the person is alive. Once the stem cell divides, the cell can either remain a stem cell or take on other cell type with a more specific function. For example, a stem cell can turn into a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. (NIH, 2015)
How Problems Became Policy Issues
The issues with stem cells centered on the moral implications of destroying human embryos to cure human disease. The ethical questions starting pouring in; to retrieve a certain cell stem, for example, pluripotent stem cell, the only way to do this was from an embryo, a human embryo. The questions that arose were when does life begin: at fertilization, in the womb, or at birth? Is a human embryo that same as a human child? Does a human embryo have any rights? Does destroying one human embryo a legitimate reason if the cure is discovered that could save others? With the advancement in stem cell technology, there are still some stem cells needed from the human embryo for research, not all stem cells are the same, there are cells that have a structure that all other cells are measured against. Further study of all stem cells is needed to find our which cell can be more useful for other cell replacement therapy.
How Stem Cells Issues Resulted in Healthcare Policy
The debate over stem cell research heated up in 2001 when President Bush attempted to compromise with both supporters and adversaries of stem cell research.
The compromise would allow the “medical research underwriters, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to begin funding on these studies using stem cells harvested from surplus embryos before August 9, 2001” (Vestal, 2015, p14.) Back in the 1970s, federal policymakers banned funding for test tube babies, which laid out the preliminary work for future discussions on whether the United States government should fund research. In 1973, Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down the decision to legalizing abortion which caused many opponents to halt stem cell research because of the destruction of human life. The early 1990s, President Clinton approved “funding for stem cell research involving surplus embryos from fertility clinics and placed a moratorium on support for research involving human cloning” (Vestal, 2015, p.18). In 1995, Congress overrode President Clinton’s decision to fund some types of stem cell research, this prevents NIH from funding any research that harms or destroys human …show more content…
embryos.
State and Federal policy development process. The thought of stem cells possible benefiting the country and state, politically and economically with breakthroughs and development of new technologies could bring an all around national growth, new labor markets, and national pride was appealing. The United States had the advantage, the “majority of the world’s stem cell scientists and companies are where in the US, and the combined investment of federal and state governments, private foundations, and individual donors exceeded the investment made by other individual nations” (HSC, 2008, p.2) Before 2001, there were no restrictions on research conducted with private funds but as mentioned above, when President Bush signed the comprise in 2001, the studies showed the US produced the “majority of work in the field of human embryonic stem cell but is under-performing” on other molecular studies in areas of stem cell biology. (HSC, 2008, p.3) Taking a look at other countries, United Kingdom, China, and Singapore and Singapore have funding for stem cell and other study such as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Countries like Italy and Germany forbid any derivation of stem cell research. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) make up of 63% funding for academic research but can only use a small amount of stem cell lines created before August 9, 2001. Now looking at the local states, New Jersey has planned a $450 million to fund research programs and centers because the state is “more susceptible to economic swings than is the federal government” (HSC, 2008, p.4).
Difference between policy development and implementation.
Before the discussion can begin on the difference between policy development and implementation the need to look at how human embryos affect stem cell research will help lay the foundation and understanding why implementation may never be approved. Human embryonic stem cells (hES) are the inner most cell mass that has been cultured in a lab for three to five days. The removals of these hES cells benefit the reason on human embryos. The ethical issues of hES research covers part of the same area that goes with embryo research. To be more specific, the ethical question is hES research routes around the moral issue of the status of the embryo. As of March 2009, President Obama issued an executive order that removed some barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells. This order allowed NIH funded programs to establish policy and procedures on the ethical area, scientific worthy, and managing research within the accordance of the law. The order is specific on which stem cells NIH can fund research for and include certain hES and other stem cells. The guidelines of the order are:
1. Responsible research with hESCs has the potential to improve our understanding of human health and illness and discover new ways to prevent and/or treat
illness.
2. Individuals donating embryos for research purposes should do so freely, with voluntary and informed consent. (NIH, 2015) Stakeholder’s involvement in the process. The stakeholders involvement in the process of stem cell research is both basic and applied research. The basic would include the understanding of social, ethical and political worries from other colleagues and the public, the development and discussions about the purposes of stem cell, to provide all research results be shared, unlimited about of funded. Stakeholders will also need to be aware of his or hers relations, the stem cell research field is considered huge science internationally, the field is networked all around the world and is mostly political. Stem cell will always have an ethical concern source about it and stakeholders need to balance this relation of conflict between colleagues in and out of the science industry and government partnerships. “The network is thus that an organization that brings together stakeholders interested in basic and applied sciences, commercialization and economic development in order to capitalize on the potential of stem cell research to produce novel medicines and treatments” (McDonalds & Williams-Jones, 2008) The stakeholders voices are the driver to change healthcare policy by surrounding him or her with influential interest groups that share the same idea on stem cell research and also be a voice him or her self actively within and outside the organization and be hands on in the development of stem cell research.
Conclusion
Stem cell and the research that surrounds this ethical topic will always have supporters and oppressors. The issues with stem cells centered on the moral implications of destroying human embryos to cure human disease. President Obama issued an executive order that removed some barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells. Stakeholders and the supporters of stem cell research will be able to see some health benefits resulting from human cell study. NIH plays a leading role in innovation and identifying issues that surround stem cell research. There are also the efforts of bringing together supporters and oppressors for developing and implementing stem cell issues from animal to human research to ensure was is right, just, and fair to all involved.
References
HSC (2008, Summer). The impact of federal policy on global competition in stem cell research. HSC, 3(3). Retrieved from http://hsci.harvard.edu/impact-federal-policy-global-competition-stem-cell-research
McDonalds, M & Williams-Jones, B. 2008. Governance and Stem Cell Research: Towards the Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1132980/Governance_and_Stem_Cell_Research_Towards_the_Clinic
Stem Cell Basics. (2015). Retrieved from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx
Vestal, C. (2008, July). Stem Cell Research at the Crossroads of Religion and Politics. PewReasearch Center. Retreived from http://www.pewforum.org/2008/07/17/stem-cell-research-at-the-crossroads-of-religion-and-politics/
Angie Coats
HCS/550
May 17, 2015
Anne Koepsell
Global Perspective on Health Policy
The macro perspective on health policy issue will be about stem cell. Stem cell problems will be identified and how these policy issues resulted in the creation of health care policy. Both the state and federal policy steps regarding stem cell development process will be discussed. The difference between the stem cell policy development and implementation, along with how the stakeholders became involved in the process and why his or hers voice was heard regarding the change in stem cell policy will be talked about.
The topic of discussion is on stem cell, before the discussion can begin about problems issues and how …show more content…
the issues were created in health care; let’s begin what are stem cells? Stem cells are a blank canvas of many different cell types that are in the body during early stages of life. Stem cells divide themselves when needed, without a limit to replenish and in tissues can be an internal repair system as long as the person is alive. Once the stem cell divides, the cell can either remain a stem cell or take on other cell type with a more specific function. For example, a stem cell can turn into a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. (NIH, 2015)
How Problems Became Policy Issues
The issues with stem cells centered on the moral implications of destroying human embryos to cure human disease. The ethical questions starting pouring in; to retrieve a certain cell stem, for example, pluripotent stem cell, the only way to do this was from an embryo, a human embryo. The questions that arose were when does life begin: at fertilization, in the womb, or at birth? Is a human embryo that same as a human child? Does a human embryo have any rights? Does destroying one human embryo a legitimate reason if the cure is discovered that could save others? With the advancement in stem cell technology, there are still some stem cells needed from the human embryo for research, not all stem cells are the same, there are cells that have a structure that all other cells are measured against. Further study of all stem cells is needed to find our which cell can be more useful for other cell replacement therapy.
How Stem Cells Issues Resulted in Healthcare Policy
The debate over stem cell research heated up in 2001 when President Bush attempted to compromise with both supporters and adversaries of stem cell research.
The compromise would allow the “medical research underwriters, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to begin funding on these studies using stem cells harvested from surplus embryos before August 9, 2001” (Vestal, 2015, p14.) Back in the 1970s, federal policymakers banned funding for test tube babies, which laid out the preliminary work for future discussions on whether the United States government should fund research. In 1973, Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down the decision to legalizing abortion which caused many opponents to halt stem cell research because of the destruction of human life. The early 1990s, President Clinton approved “funding for stem cell research involving surplus embryos from fertility clinics and placed a moratorium on support for research involving human cloning” (Vestal, 2015, p.18). In 1995, Congress overrode President Clinton’s decision to fund some types of stem cell research, this prevents NIH from funding any research that harms or destroys human …show more content…
embryos.
State and Federal policy development process. The thought of stem cells possible benefiting the country and state, politically and economically with breakthroughs and development of new technologies could bring an all around national growth, new labor markets, and national pride was appealing. The United States had the advantage, the “majority of the world’s stem cell scientists and companies are where in the US, and the combined investment of federal and state governments, private foundations, and individual donors exceeded the investment made by other individual nations” (HSC, 2008, p.2) Before 2001, there were no restrictions on research conducted with private funds but as mentioned above, when President Bush signed the comprise in 2001, the studies showed the US produced the “majority of work in the field of human embryonic stem cell but is under-performing” on other molecular studies in areas of stem cell biology. (HSC, 2008, p.3) Taking a look at other countries, United Kingdom, China, and Singapore and Singapore have funding for stem cell and other study such as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Countries like Italy and Germany forbid any derivation of stem cell research. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) make up of 63% funding for academic research but can only use a small amount of stem cell lines created before August 9, 2001. Now looking at the local states, New Jersey has planned a $450 million to fund research programs and centers because the state is “more susceptible to economic swings than is the federal government” (HSC, 2008, p.4).
Difference between policy development and implementation.
Before the discussion can begin on the difference between policy development and implementation the need to look at how human embryos affect stem cell research will help lay the foundation and understanding why implementation may never be approved. Human embryonic stem cells (hES) are the inner most cell mass that has been cultured in a lab for three to five days. The removals of these hES cells benefit the reason on human embryos. The ethical issues of hES research covers part of the same area that goes with embryo research. To be more specific, the ethical question is hES research routes around the moral issue of the status of the embryo. As of March 2009, President Obama issued an executive order that removed some barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells. This order allowed NIH funded programs to establish policy and procedures on the ethical area, scientific worthy, and managing research within the accordance of the law. The order is specific on which stem cells NIH can fund research for and include certain hES and other stem cells. The guidelines of the order are:
1. Responsible research with hESCs has the potential to improve our understanding of human health and illness and discover new ways to prevent and/or treat
illness.
2. Individuals donating embryos for research purposes should do so freely, with voluntary and informed consent. (NIH, 2015) Stakeholder’s involvement in the process. The stakeholders involvement in the process of stem cell research is both basic and applied research. The basic would include the understanding of social, ethical and political worries from other colleagues and the public, the development and discussions about the purposes of stem cell, to provide all research results be shared, unlimited about of funded. Stakeholders will also need to be aware of his or hers relations, the stem cell research field is considered huge science internationally, the field is networked all around the world and is mostly political. Stem cell will always have an ethical concern source about it and stakeholders need to balance this relation of conflict between colleagues in and out of the science industry and government partnerships. “The network is thus that an organization that brings together stakeholders interested in basic and applied sciences, commercialization and economic development in order to capitalize on the potential of stem cell research to produce novel medicines and treatments” (McDonalds & Williams-Jones, 2008) The stakeholders voices are the driver to change healthcare policy by surrounding him or her with influential interest groups that share the same idea on stem cell research and also be a voice him or her self actively within and outside the organization and be hands on in the development of stem cell research.
Conclusion
Stem cell and the research that surrounds this ethical topic will always have supporters and oppressors. The issues with stem cells centered on the moral implications of destroying human embryos to cure human disease. President Obama issued an executive order that removed some barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells. Stakeholders and the supporters of stem cell research will be able to see some health benefits resulting from human cell study. NIH plays a leading role in innovation and identifying issues that surround stem cell research. There are also the efforts of bringing together supporters and oppressors for developing and implementing stem cell issues from animal to human research to ensure was is right, just, and fair to all involved.
References
HSC (2008, Summer). The impact of federal policy on global competition in stem cell research. HSC, 3(3). Retrieved from http://hsci.harvard.edu/impact-federal-policy-global-competition-stem-cell-research
McDonalds, M & Williams-Jones, B. 2008. Governance and Stem Cell Research: Towards the Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1132980/Governance_and_Stem_Cell_Research_Towards_the_Clinic
Stem Cell Basics. (2015). Retrieved from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx
Vestal, C. (2008, July). Stem Cell Research at the Crossroads of Religion and Politics. PewReasearch Center. Retreived from http://www.pewforum.org/2008/07/17/stem-cell-research-at-the-crossroads-of-religion-and-politics/