The American Pageant Chapter 2 Summary
The American Pageant Chapter 2 Notes/Summary:
The Planting of English America
England’s Imperial Stirrings:
-17th century showed that European crops/livestock had altered the landscape of the Americas
-New diseases and conquests led by Europeans had eliminated many native tribes, and killed many natives. Several hundred thousand Africans were brought from Africa as slaves by Europeans, and forced to work in Caribbean and South American plantations (primarily sugar plantations).
-Going from New Mexico and southward, the Americas were controlled almost entirely by Spain.
-North America itself, however, was largely unclaimed until the 1600’s.
-Three European nations had begun to make claims in North America during the 1600’s. These were the Spanish who had Santa Fe (the southern …show more content…
portion of the United states, like New Mexico), the French who had Quebec (territory in Canada), and the English who had Jamestown (settlement in present-day Virginia).
-The British had attempted colonization of the New World in the 1500’s, however, internal conflicts within the empire made this difficult. King Henry VIII had begun the English Protestant Reformation in the 1530’s as an attempt to depower the Roman Catholic Church.
-When Queen Elizabeth I became queen, and Protestantism became the dominant religion in Britain, a strong rivalry with Spain was soon sparked.
-In addition to these religious conflicts, the Catholics of Ireland revolted against the English rule, hoping to garner support from Spain. These movements against the British were crushed in the 1570’s and 1580’s. English troops who had been deployed to fight against the Irish developed contempt for the natives of Ireland. This feeling would manifest into a hatred against most native peoples.
Elizabeth Energizes England:
-English buccaneers had become increasingly prominent due to Queen Elizabeth I and her ambitious demeanor. These buccaneers would search the seas, looking for Spanish trade ships from the New World. Once found, the English would seize all the riches from these ships. In addition, buccaneers would pillage Spanish settlements and spread Protestantism to those lacking it.
-Francis Drake, famous English buccaneer, pirated Spanish ships for gold and circumnavigated the globe. He was knighted by Elizabeth I, and inspired more English seafarers. In addition, the knighting of Francis Drake angered the Spanish, who had believed Francis Drake should have been punished.
-Spain and England were not at war, yet the British encouraged buccaneers.
-Meanwhile, English attempts at colonization in the New World were failures. One example of these failures was done by Sir Walter Raleigh, and his futile attempt to colonize North Carolina’s Roanoke Island.
-These failures caused the English empire to appear weak in the eyes of Philip II of Spain, and in 1588, launched a Spanish flotilla of 130 vessels to attack the British in the English Channel. The English defended themselves using smaller, faster sea craft that could outmaneuver and flank the Spanish ships. *Part of the reason for the attack was the fact that Phillip II hated the Protestant Reformation that had occurred in England.
-The loss of their fleet was devastating, and the Spanish would suffer later losses when just a few decades after, the Spanish Netherlands gained independence from Spain, as well as most of the Spanish Caribbean becoming independent. The Spanish had taken control of too much territory around the globe, and slowly lost control of more and more of their empire. As Spain became less and less of a dominant superpower, it would be the English who would secure their position in the Atlantic as the dominant naval power, and later, the dominant superpower.
-After the victory over the Spanish Armada, English nationalism flourished.
-Key factors to English/Spanish Nationalism: Strong, unified national state under a powerful monarch and religious unity after a struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism.
-England and Spain signed a peace treaty in 1604, 16 years after the defeat of the Spanish armada. England would then spread itself far and wide across the globe.
England on the Eve of Empire:
-Population of England in 1550 was roughly 3 million people, and became 4 million by 1600.
-Economic depression forced many people into lives of poverty, causing contemporaries to conclude that England had too large of a population.
England Plants the Jamestown Seedling:
- Virginia Company received a charter from King James in 1606 to make a settlement in the New World. Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in Britain.
-5/24/1607, roughly 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown. Forty of the colonists died along the way. Once they arrived, a multitude of problems emerged including…
1: Jamestown was based in a swampy environment, which meant the colonists had access to poor drinking water. Mosquitoes in the area were also a problem, causing malaria and yellow fever to spread.
2: Men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops)
3: There were zero women on the initial
ship.
-In 1608 Captain John Smith took over control of the colony and forced the colonists to improve. -At one point, he was kidnapped by local Natives and forced into a mock execution by their chief Powhatan. John Smith was then “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas.
-The act was meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists.
-John Smith’s main contribution to the colony was that he provided order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy. Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, and even other people.
-In 1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr, arrived with fresh supplies, and orders for settlers to stay in Jamestown. His leadership was harsh, almost autocratic.
-In 1626, out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived since the initial colonization.
Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake: At first, Powhatan possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and eventually, war occurred. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco. Eight years later, in 1622, the Indians struck again with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. After the settlers began to grow their own food, the Indians were useless, and were therefore banished.
Virginia:
-Child of Tobacco Jamestown’s gold is found and it is tobacco. Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Jamestown had found its gold. Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land. Representative self-government was born in Virginia, when in 1619, settlers created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a self-rule pathway. The first African Americans to arrive in America also came in 1619. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants.
Maryland:
- Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, a man of Catholic faith, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth colony to be established. Lord Baltimore founded Maryland to make financial profit, and to create a colony in which persecuted Catholics could find refuge. Protestant England had continued to persecute Catholics, fueling the incentive for escape.
-Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives. Poorer, Protestant settlers settled in the countryside of Maryland. The presence of Catholics and Protestants would cause tension.
-Maryland’s economy prospered with the cultivation and trade of tobacco.
-Maryland’s labor was primarily indentured servants. It would be around the late 1600s for Black slavery begin to become popular in Maryland and Virginia.
-Maryland’s statute, the Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but forced the death penalty upon Jews and atheists, as well as others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.
The West Indies:
-While the British were colonizing Virginia, colonization of the West Indies became viable due to Spain’s decline as a global superpower.
-By mid-1600s, England had secured claims to several West Indies islands, one such claim being Jamaica in 1655. It would be the West Indies that would help feed England’s sweet tooth, as the location of the West Indies was optimal to establish sugar plantations.
-Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations. While Native Americans were intended to be used, it would ironically be the lack of immunity to European disease that would save Native Americans from harsh labor, as nearly 90% would perish when in contact with disease.
-Africans were brought in as a stronger alternative to Natives. The control of the thousands of African slaves was done so through a set of codes that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. These codes were strict and, if violated, would bring with them severe consequences for violators.
Colonizing the Carolinas:
- In England, King Charles I had been beheaded. Oliver Cromwell had ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration.” (After all the turmoil Civil War, they just went back to a king.) The bloody period had interrupted colonization. Carolina was named after Charles II, and was formally created in 1670. Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies, due to the port of Charleston. Many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados and brought in the strict “Slave Codes” for ruling slaves. Interestingly, Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England. Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina. African slaves were hired to work on rice plantations, due to (a) their resistance to malaria and just as importantly, (b) their familiarity with rice. Despite violence with Spanish and Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out.
The Emergence of North Carolina: -The newest colonists of Carolina were “squatters,” people who either owned no land or had no official approval by a government to settle, and usually came from Virginia. North Carolinians developed a strong resistance to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors.
-There were two major ideological values in North Carolina:
1: Those who believed in aristocratic values, and had considerably more wealth. These people were in the southern portion of the colony, around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations.
2: Strong-willed and independent-minded on small tobacco farms, who found democracy to be better suited for government. These people lived in the northern portion of the colony.
-In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially separated. Their separation was primarily due to the intensity of selecting governors and political ideals.
-In 1711 Tuscarora Indians attacked a small settlement (in the northern region of Carolina) known as Newbern. Carolinians of both the North and the South responded by defeating the Tuscaroras in battle, selling hundreds to slavery, and leaving the rest to wander north. The remaining Tuscaroras would eventually become the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. Four years later, South Carolinians defeated the Yamasee Indians, causing them to disperse as the Tuscaroras had.
Late-Coming Georgia:
-The Colony of Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida, which consisted primarily of Spaniards and Native Americans (both groups that despised the English). Georgia was also supposed to be a buffer for the French in Louisiana.
-Founded in 1733, the colony of Georgia was one of the last to be founded. It was created by a group of philanthropists, mainly James Oglethorpe.
-Named after King George II. Originally, its founders were creating a place free of slavery, and a place where those in debt could absolve themselves. James Oglethorpe’s leadership and his own fortune helped support the colony. Georgia grew relatively slowly.
-All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert Native Americans.
-John Wesley, a missionary who had gone on mission to Georgia, returned to England and founded Methodism.
The Plantation Colonies:
- Slavery was found in each of the plantation colonies. Agriculture was a huge part of all of the Plantation Colonies, and cities were spread out. The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to the people living on the land they owned, which kept the populous spread. In the South, the major cash crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of South Carolina.
-Religious tolerance was one of the pillars of the Southern Colonies.
-Confrontations with Native Americas occurred frequently, as colonists continued to take space belonging to Natives.
The Planting of English America
England’s Imperial Stirrings:
-17th century showed that European crops/livestock had altered the landscape of the Americas
-New diseases and conquests led by Europeans had eliminated many native tribes, and killed many natives. Several hundred thousand Africans were brought from Africa as slaves by Europeans, and forced to work in Caribbean and South American plantations (primarily sugar plantations).
-Going from New Mexico and southward, the Americas were controlled almost entirely by Spain.
-North America itself, however, was largely unclaimed until the 1600’s.
-Three European nations had begun to make claims in North America during the 1600’s. These were the Spanish who had Santa Fe (the southern …show more content…
portion of the United states, like New Mexico), the French who had Quebec (territory in Canada), and the English who had Jamestown (settlement in present-day Virginia).
-The British had attempted colonization of the New World in the 1500’s, however, internal conflicts within the empire made this difficult. King Henry VIII had begun the English Protestant Reformation in the 1530’s as an attempt to depower the Roman Catholic Church.
-When Queen Elizabeth I became queen, and Protestantism became the dominant religion in Britain, a strong rivalry with Spain was soon sparked.
-In addition to these religious conflicts, the Catholics of Ireland revolted against the English rule, hoping to garner support from Spain. These movements against the British were crushed in the 1570’s and 1580’s. English troops who had been deployed to fight against the Irish developed contempt for the natives of Ireland. This feeling would manifest into a hatred against most native peoples.
Elizabeth Energizes England:
-English buccaneers had become increasingly prominent due to Queen Elizabeth I and her ambitious demeanor. These buccaneers would search the seas, looking for Spanish trade ships from the New World. Once found, the English would seize all the riches from these ships. In addition, buccaneers would pillage Spanish settlements and spread Protestantism to those lacking it.
-Francis Drake, famous English buccaneer, pirated Spanish ships for gold and circumnavigated the globe. He was knighted by Elizabeth I, and inspired more English seafarers. In addition, the knighting of Francis Drake angered the Spanish, who had believed Francis Drake should have been punished.
-Spain and England were not at war, yet the British encouraged buccaneers.
-Meanwhile, English attempts at colonization in the New World were failures. One example of these failures was done by Sir Walter Raleigh, and his futile attempt to colonize North Carolina’s Roanoke Island.
-These failures caused the English empire to appear weak in the eyes of Philip II of Spain, and in 1588, launched a Spanish flotilla of 130 vessels to attack the British in the English Channel. The English defended themselves using smaller, faster sea craft that could outmaneuver and flank the Spanish ships. *Part of the reason for the attack was the fact that Phillip II hated the Protestant Reformation that had occurred in England.
-The loss of their fleet was devastating, and the Spanish would suffer later losses when just a few decades after, the Spanish Netherlands gained independence from Spain, as well as most of the Spanish Caribbean becoming independent. The Spanish had taken control of too much territory around the globe, and slowly lost control of more and more of their empire. As Spain became less and less of a dominant superpower, it would be the English who would secure their position in the Atlantic as the dominant naval power, and later, the dominant superpower.
-After the victory over the Spanish Armada, English nationalism flourished.
-Key factors to English/Spanish Nationalism: Strong, unified national state under a powerful monarch and religious unity after a struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism.
-England and Spain signed a peace treaty in 1604, 16 years after the defeat of the Spanish armada. England would then spread itself far and wide across the globe.
England on the Eve of Empire:
-Population of England in 1550 was roughly 3 million people, and became 4 million by 1600.
-Economic depression forced many people into lives of poverty, causing contemporaries to conclude that England had too large of a population.
England Plants the Jamestown Seedling:
- Virginia Company received a charter from King James in 1606 to make a settlement in the New World. Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in Britain.
-5/24/1607, roughly 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown. Forty of the colonists died along the way. Once they arrived, a multitude of problems emerged including…
1: Jamestown was based in a swampy environment, which meant the colonists had access to poor drinking water. Mosquitoes in the area were also a problem, causing malaria and yellow fever to spread.
2: Men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops)
3: There were zero women on the initial
ship.
-In 1608 Captain John Smith took over control of the colony and forced the colonists to improve. -At one point, he was kidnapped by local Natives and forced into a mock execution by their chief Powhatan. John Smith was then “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas.
-The act was meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists.
-John Smith’s main contribution to the colony was that he provided order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy. Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, and even other people.
-In 1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr, arrived with fresh supplies, and orders for settlers to stay in Jamestown. His leadership was harsh, almost autocratic.
-In 1626, out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived since the initial colonization.
Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake: At first, Powhatan possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and eventually, war occurred. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco. Eight years later, in 1622, the Indians struck again with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. After the settlers began to grow their own food, the Indians were useless, and were therefore banished.
Virginia:
-Child of Tobacco Jamestown’s gold is found and it is tobacco. Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Jamestown had found its gold. Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land. Representative self-government was born in Virginia, when in 1619, settlers created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a self-rule pathway. The first African Americans to arrive in America also came in 1619. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants.
Maryland:
- Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, a man of Catholic faith, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth colony to be established. Lord Baltimore founded Maryland to make financial profit, and to create a colony in which persecuted Catholics could find refuge. Protestant England had continued to persecute Catholics, fueling the incentive for escape.
-Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives. Poorer, Protestant settlers settled in the countryside of Maryland. The presence of Catholics and Protestants would cause tension.
-Maryland’s economy prospered with the cultivation and trade of tobacco.
-Maryland’s labor was primarily indentured servants. It would be around the late 1600s for Black slavery begin to become popular in Maryland and Virginia.
-Maryland’s statute, the Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but forced the death penalty upon Jews and atheists, as well as others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.
The West Indies:
-While the British were colonizing Virginia, colonization of the West Indies became viable due to Spain’s decline as a global superpower.
-By mid-1600s, England had secured claims to several West Indies islands, one such claim being Jamaica in 1655. It would be the West Indies that would help feed England’s sweet tooth, as the location of the West Indies was optimal to establish sugar plantations.
-Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations. While Native Americans were intended to be used, it would ironically be the lack of immunity to European disease that would save Native Americans from harsh labor, as nearly 90% would perish when in contact with disease.
-Africans were brought in as a stronger alternative to Natives. The control of the thousands of African slaves was done so through a set of codes that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. These codes were strict and, if violated, would bring with them severe consequences for violators.
Colonizing the Carolinas:
- In England, King Charles I had been beheaded. Oliver Cromwell had ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration.” (After all the turmoil Civil War, they just went back to a king.) The bloody period had interrupted colonization. Carolina was named after Charles II, and was formally created in 1670. Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies, due to the port of Charleston. Many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados and brought in the strict “Slave Codes” for ruling slaves. Interestingly, Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England. Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina. African slaves were hired to work on rice plantations, due to (a) their resistance to malaria and just as importantly, (b) their familiarity with rice. Despite violence with Spanish and Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out.
The Emergence of North Carolina: -The newest colonists of Carolina were “squatters,” people who either owned no land or had no official approval by a government to settle, and usually came from Virginia. North Carolinians developed a strong resistance to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors.
-There were two major ideological values in North Carolina:
1: Those who believed in aristocratic values, and had considerably more wealth. These people were in the southern portion of the colony, around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations.
2: Strong-willed and independent-minded on small tobacco farms, who found democracy to be better suited for government. These people lived in the northern portion of the colony.
-In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially separated. Their separation was primarily due to the intensity of selecting governors and political ideals.
-In 1711 Tuscarora Indians attacked a small settlement (in the northern region of Carolina) known as Newbern. Carolinians of both the North and the South responded by defeating the Tuscaroras in battle, selling hundreds to slavery, and leaving the rest to wander north. The remaining Tuscaroras would eventually become the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. Four years later, South Carolinians defeated the Yamasee Indians, causing them to disperse as the Tuscaroras had.
Late-Coming Georgia:
-The Colony of Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida, which consisted primarily of Spaniards and Native Americans (both groups that despised the English). Georgia was also supposed to be a buffer for the French in Louisiana.
-Founded in 1733, the colony of Georgia was one of the last to be founded. It was created by a group of philanthropists, mainly James Oglethorpe.
-Named after King George II. Originally, its founders were creating a place free of slavery, and a place where those in debt could absolve themselves. James Oglethorpe’s leadership and his own fortune helped support the colony. Georgia grew relatively slowly.
-All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert Native Americans.
-John Wesley, a missionary who had gone on mission to Georgia, returned to England and founded Methodism.
The Plantation Colonies:
- Slavery was found in each of the plantation colonies. Agriculture was a huge part of all of the Plantation Colonies, and cities were spread out. The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to the people living on the land they owned, which kept the populous spread. In the South, the major cash crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of South Carolina.
-Religious tolerance was one of the pillars of the Southern Colonies.
-Confrontations with Native Americas occurred frequently, as colonists continued to take space belonging to Natives.