› Or in estimates of not-yet-known quantities (e.g. the future price of a stock or…
People naturally select the principle that places them in the best light, and most are unrealistically optimistic about their personal future (Gazzaniga & Heatherton, 2003) believing they are less susceptible to danger. Job (1999) says, we see ourselves as less likely than our peers to suffer an early heart attack, have cancer, AIDS or a drinking problem but more likely to live past eighty years, own our home and have gifted children'.…
”(Barry) The opposite of uncertainty is certainty. Uncertainty can make anybody terrified, knowing that something is not guaranteed to go right can make people weak. Scientists have come to the conclusion that, “Uncertainty makes one tentative if not fearful, and tentative steps, even when in the right direction, may not…
The Dunning-Kruger Effect (DKE) is a phenomenon where unskilled individuals assess their abilities as much higher than is accurate. David Dunning explains this issue in his article “We Are All Confident Idiots.” While his detailed descriptions and inclusion of several studies brings to light this problem that each and every one of us is afflicted by, his tone and use of provocative language may be interpreted by readers as arrogant and crude. In addition, his pessimistic tone does little to encourage his audience to actively seek solutions to the problem.…
Have you ever been in a position where you thought of an outcome to a situation, only to find out that the complete opposite happened and you thought “I would have known that would happen!”? Contrary to what you and countless others like you believe, you are most likely incorrect. Many people have confidence in knowing what their mind perceives from what they see or hear, but in actuality they have no clue. Renowned psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons capitalize on this issue of “knowing yet not knowing” in their book titled, “The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us.” In this informative book, the psychologists write about their findings in experiments they have conducted and how the results poke at the question…
9.3- what is intuition and how can the availability heuristic; overconfidence, belief perseverance and framing influence our decisions and judgments?…
Some people believe that life depends on either the concepts of certainty and doubt. With certainty comes a sense of confidence. When you are certain about everything in life, you will know with absolute truth your capabilities, responsibilities, and consequences for your actions. However doubt engraves a feeling of the unknown. If you are uncertain about life, then how will you ever be restrained by boundaries? Doubt may be the only certain undeniable truth.…
The reliability of intuition is also one that has two sides to it. Some one’s intuition depends solely on their past experiences and gained knowledge, which means that the reliability will vary from one person to another.…
15. Why is it so difficult to dismiss the belief perseverance phenomenon? 16. How is intuition adaptive in solving a problem? HW #60:…
Wilkins, L. and Chandler, A. (1964) Confidence and Competence in Decision-Making [online]. Available at: http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/5/1/22 [Accessed 18 January 2010].…
Summary: Kathryn Schulz studies why we misunderstand in general, our reactions to being wrong, and how these mishaps represent us as humans. She thinks the social construct of always being right is a problem. She goes on to explain that we developed this way because we are taught from a young age being wrong makes you realize you’re bad, and that we should strive to never make any mistakes. She says that believing in your feelings too much could be very dangerous. We react to being right by “resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions,” which is: thinking they are ignorant, than stupid and assuming they are evil. Schulz says this is the point of being human: getting over your assumptions, to accept you don’t know and might be wrong, and to learn.…
A cognition can be considered as a belief (for example, if you like watching movies then this is a cognition). The cognitive dissonance theory states that if there is a discrepancy – an aversive emotional state – between our beliefs and behaviors, we are likely to experience inconsistency between these two cognitions. For instance, if you smoke, despite knowing that smoking is harmful, then this may result in cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, the college students who put themselves through hazing to join a fraternity could be another example. These students also most likely to experience cognitive dissonance. I noticed (while listening to the lecture and reading the textbook) that cognitive dissonance can have a powerful influence (more powerful…
Prejudice is a common expression in general on a small scale, but there have been many instances where an entire nation’s belief was based on a prejudiced idea. In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, individuals express their version of justice in different ways. The novel is set in the racially separated town of Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s during the Great Depression. The main characters are all involved in a plot in which narrow mindedness leads to pain and suffering. . In Maycomb County, prejudice rapidly spreads because of blindly brought up racist citizens and their need to blame things on someone else, but this stereotyping can be stopped when an individual defends what they believe, despite society’s beliefs.…
Confirmation bias is the human habit of seeking information that confirms one’s judgments or assumptions. One’s current feelings about a situation, memory, or person influence one’s thoughts and memories about that situation, memory, or person. If one is feeling negatively about something or someone, the individual will often recall the worst factors or memories about that person or circumstances. However; if one is feeling positively about something or someone, the individual may recall the best factors or memories about that person or circumstances. In this way, one confirms his or her own current feelings. This can end badly; if bad feelings lead to bad memories; which then lead to more bad feelings, in a vicious cycle. This may also cause problems when someone becomes overconfident about someone or something; when his or her positive feelings lead to positive memories and positive expectations [ (Myers, 2012) ].…
Edward has fallen prey to what the Dunning-Kruger effect calls a ‘double curse’ in which a person such as Edward is meta-ignorant: “lacking skills depriving him of not only being unable to produce correct responses but also of the expertise necessary to surmise that the responses are not being produced” (Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Dunning et al Dunning et al (2003)). After having Daisy and Jim leave the company, Edward simply chose to move from a partnership to being the sole owner without giving thought to why they have left. One of the reasons people such as Edward fail to recognize their incompetency is due to the “tendency to defend their sense of self-worth” (Dunning D, 2011) as he continues to think of himself as an ‘excellent business partner’ who possesses ‘all the skills and abilities’ to continue running the business by himself successfully. In order to…